Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl is used for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a
noun. Note that in Spanish relative clauses get assigned a specific
relation acl:relcl, a subtype of acl.
una buena opción a tener en cuenta \n a good option to take into account
acl(opción, tener)
acl(option, take)
una localidad situada en la región de Alta Normandía \n a location situated in the region of Upper Normandy
acl(localidad, situada)
acl(location, situated)
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for advcl.
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
Me vió mientras lavaba los platos.
advcl(vió, lavaba)
Le habló para crear una cuenta
advcl(habló, crear)
Estaba cansado cuando lo vi
advcl(cansado, vi)
advmod: adverbial modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for advmod.
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase (ADVP) that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
Pedro habla demasiado rápido . \n Pedro speaks too fast .
advmod(habla, rápido)
advmod(rápido, demasiado)
amod: adjectival modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for amod.
An adjectival modifier of an NP is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the NP.
Encuentran materiales peligrosos .
amod(materiales, peligrosos)
appos: appositional modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for appos.
An appositional modifier of an NP is an NP immediately to the right of the first NP that serves to define or modify that NP. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
Mi amigo Pedro ... \n My friend Pedro ...
appos(amigo, Pedro)
aux: auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for aux.
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g., a modal auxiliary, or a form of “estar”, “ser” or “haber” in a periphrastic tense.
Spanish modal auxiliaries include (Butt and Benjamin, 2013):
- poder
- saber
- querer
- soler
- deber
- haber (que, de)
Regan ha muerto . \n Regan has died .
aux(muerto, ha)
auxpass: passive auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for auxpass.
Kennedy fue asesinado . \n Kennedy was murdered .
auxpass(asesinado, fue)
case: case marking
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for case.
cc: coordinating conjunction
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for cc.
A coordination is the relation between an element of a conjunct and the coordinating conjunction word of the conjunct. (Note: different dependency grammars have different treatments of coordination. We take one conjunct of a conjunction as the head of the conjunction.) A conjunction may also appear at the beginning of a sentence. This is also called a cc, and it depends on the root predicate of the sentence.
María es guapa y simpática . \n María is pretty and friendly .
cc(guapa, y)
ccomp: clausal complement
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for ccomp.
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause with an internal subject (perhaps implicit) which functions like an object of the verb, or adjective.
Explícame que estás haciendo . \n Explain me what you are doing .
ccomp(Explícame, haciendo)
compound: compound
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for compound.
conj: conjunct
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for conj.
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as “y”, “o”, etc. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the first conjunct and other conjunctions depend on it via the conj relation.
María es guapa y simpática . \n Maria is pretty and friendly .
conj(guapa, simpática)
cop: copula
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for cop.
Juan es una buena persona . \n Juan is a good person .
cop(es, persona)
Juan es alto . \n Juan is tall .
cop(es, alto)
csubj: clausal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for csubj.
A clausal subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause. The governor of this relation might not always be a verb: when the verb is a copular verb, the root of the clause is the complement of the copular verb.
Le gusta comer tarde . \n He\/she likes to eat late .
csubj(gusta, comer)
csubjpass: clausal passive subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for csubjpass.
Es sabido que Maria llega siempre tarde . \n It is known that Maria arrives always late .
csubjpass(sabido, llega)
dep: unspecified dependency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dep.
det: determiner
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for det.
Esta moneda está sucia . \n This coin is dirty .
dep(moneda, está)
discourse: discourse element
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for discourse.
dislocated: dislocated elements
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dislocated.
dobj: direct object
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dobj.
Hoy comeremos pescado . \n We will eat fish today .
dobj(comeremos, pescado)
expl: expletive
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for expl.
foreign: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign.
goeswith: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith.
iobj: indirect object
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for iobj.
te voy a contar un cuento . \n I'm going to tell you a story .
iobj(contar, te)
list: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list.
mark: marker
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mark.
A marker is the word introducing a finite clause subordinate to another clause. For a complement clause, this will typically be “que” or “si”. For an adverbial clause, the marker is typically a preposition like “mientras” or “aunque”. The mark is a dependent of the subordinate clause head.
Escuchan música mientras comen . \n They listen to music while they eat .
mark(comen, mientras)
mwe: multi-word expression
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mwe.
Tengo que estudiar . \n I have to study .
mwe(Tengo, que)
name: name
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for name.
neg: negation modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for neg.
María no canta . \n María does not sing .
neg(canta, no)
Nunca llueve . \n It never rains .
neg(llueve, Nunca)
nmod: nominal modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nmod.
nsubj: nominal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nsubj.
A nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause. The governor of this relation might not always be a verb: when the verb is a copular verb, the root of the clause is the complement of the copular verb, which can be an adjective or noun.
Juan ha invitado a Pedro . \n Juan has invited Pedro .
nsubj(invitado, Juan)
nsubjpass: passive nominal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nsubjpass.
Pedro ha sido invitado por Juan . \n Pedro has been invited by Juan .
nsubjpass(invitado, Pedro)
nummod: numeric modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nummod.
A numeric modifier of a noun is any number phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun with a quantity.
hay dos espacios \n There are two spaces
nummod(espacios, dos)
15 años \n 15 years
nummod(años, 15)
parataxis: parataxis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for parataxis.
Ya sé lo que llevaré a la fiesta: fruta y vino . \n I already know what I will bring to the party : fruit and wine .
parataxis(llevaré, fruta)
punct: punctuation
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for punct.
Cierra la puerta ! \n Close the door !
punct(Cierra, !)
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for remnant.
reparandum: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum.
root: root
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for root.
The root grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A fake node “ROOT” is used as the governor. The ROOT node is indexed with “0”, since the indexation of real words in the sentence starts at 1.
ROOT Me gusta el cine . \n I like the cinema .
root(ROOT, gusta)
ROOT María es simpática . \n María is friendly .
root(ROOT, es)
vocative: vocative
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for vocative.
xcomp: open clausal complement
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for xcomp.
Quiero comprar un ordenador . \n I want to buy a computer .
xcomp(Quiero, comprar)