Features
|
|
Abbr
: abbreviation
[
]
Boolean feature marking a word as an abbreviation.
Note that UD Finnish does not differentiate between different types of
shortened forms. In particular, there is no separate feature
identifying acronyms, which are also marked with Abbr=Yes
.
Yes
: word is abbreviation
Note that there is no No
value. If the word is not an abbreviation,
the Abbr
feature will not appear.
Examples
- [fi] mm. “among others”
- [fi] esim. “for example”
- [fi] USA, EU
Case
: case
[
]
Nom
: nominative
The base form, typically used as a citation form (lemma).
Examples
- [fi] koira juoksee “the dog runs”
Acc
: accusative
In many languages used for direct objects of verbs.
We follow ISK in not recognizing the accusative except for the personal pronouns and kuka “who” (http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1221, http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1226)
Examples
- [fi] näen hänet “I see him/her”
- [fi] kenet näet? “who do you see?”
Gen
: genitive
Examples
- [fi] meidän perheemme “our family”
- [fi] vuoden päivät “the days of the year”
- [fi] Turun Yliopisto “University of Turku”
Ins
: instructive
Instructive primarily characterizes manner or instrument. Instructive can also express place or time.
Corresponds to some uses of English by means of or with the aid of.
Examples
- [fi] kaksin käsin “with both hands”
- [fi] uusin säännöin “with new rules”
- [fi] näillä seuduin “around these parts”
- [fi] vuoroviikoin “every other week”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1263 (in Finnish)
Par
: partitive
In Finnish the partitive case is an object case that can also express indefinite quantity or unfinished actions.
- [fi] kolme taloa “three houses”
- [fi] rakastan tätä taloa “I love this house”
- [fi] saanko lainata kirjaa “can I borrow a book”
- [fi] lasissa on maitoa “there is (some) milk in the glass”
- [fi] ammuin karhua “I shot at a bear”
- [fi] luen kirjaa “I am reading a book”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1234 (in Finnish)
Ess
: essive
Essive is typically a case of temporal adverbials (e.g. tiistaina “on Tuesday”). In expressions of state, essive is a case of predicative adverbials, characterizing purpose or task (e.g. vartijana “as a guard”) in intransitive forms, and how an object or its purpose is perceived in transitive forms (e.g. syödä raakana “eat raw”).
Essive corresponds to some uses of English as a.
Examples
- [fi] tiistaina “on Tuesday”
- [fi] vartijana “as a guard”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1258 (in Finnish)
Tra
: translative
In intransitive sentences, the translative case typically expresses change of state (becomes, changes to) or manner.
Examples
- [fi] pitkäksi “become long”
- [fi] englanniksi “in/into English”
- [fi] kello kuudeksi “by six o’clock”
- [fi] huviksi “for fun”
In transitive sentences, the translative case describes the sentence object.
Examples
- [fi] tarkoitettu varoitukseksi “meant as a warning”
- [fi] valittiin presidentiksi “elected as president”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1259 (in Finnish)
Com
: comitative / associative
The comitative (also called associative) case expresses belonging, a social relationship or a part of an entity. It often corresponds to English together with and has a descriptive or explicative function.
Examples
- [fi] tavaroineen “with his/her belongings”
- [fi] puolisoineen “with his/her spouse”
- [fi] koirat suurine hampaineen “dogs with their big teeth”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1264 (in Finnish)
Abe
: abessive
The abessive case expresses wihtout what something has happened and roughly corresponds to the English preposition without.
Examples
- [fi] rahatta “without money”
Ine
: inessive
The inessive case expresses location inside of something.
Examples
- [fi] talossa “in the house”
Ill
: illative
The illative case expresses direction into something.
Examples
- [fi] taloon “to the house”
Ela
: elative
The elative case expresses direction out of something.
Examples
- [fi] talosta “from the house”
Ade
: adessive
The adessive cases expresses location on the outer or upper surface of an entity, or movement to/from such a surface. The corresponding directional cases are allative (towards something) and ablative (from something).
(Note: this is a very incomplete listing of the uses of the Finnish adessive, which can also express place, time, state, owner, instrument, means, manner, and quantity.)
Examples
- [fi] pöydällä “on the table”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1252 (in Finnish)
All
: allative
The allative case expresses direction onto something (destination is adessive).
Examples
- [fi] pöydälle “on to the table”
Abl
: ablative
Prototypical meaning: direction from some point.
Examples
- [fi] pöydältä “from the table”
- [fi] katolta “from the roof”
- [fi] rannalta “from the beach”
Notes: distributive
Some descriptions of Finnish recognize a distributive case conveying
that something happens to every member of a set, one at a time. UD
Finnish does not include Dis
(distributive) as a possible value of
the Case
feature, but analyses the -ttain suffix as an adverbial
derivation.
Examples
- [fi] kaupungeittain “separately in each city”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=379 (in Finnish)
Notes: lative
Some descriptions of Finnish mark the base form of the first infinitive as being in the lative case (see e.g. Omorfi tagger documentation). UD Finnish follows ISK in not recognizing the lative case.
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=120 (esp. Huom 1; in Finnish)
Diff
FinnTreeBank (FI_FTB) marks the base form of the first infinitive as lative in contrast to translative.
Clitic
: clitic
[
]
(Please note: this part of the documentation is not yet completed.)
Language-specific feature identifying clitics attached to the word.
Finnish has a number of particle clitics used to express questions,
politeness, or focus. UD Finnish captures the presence of these
clitics using the Clitic
feature, which takes one or more of the
following values, with multiple values expressing combinations, for
example Clitic=Ko,S
for -kos (-ko + -s) as in voikos.
Kin
Expresses focus. Can often be translated into English as also. Forms contrasting pair with -kaan.
Examples
- [fi] minäkin menen “also I am going”
Kaan
Expresses focus in negative contexts. Realized as -kaan or -kään. Forms contrasting pair with -kin.
Examples
- [fi] minäkään en mene “I am not going either”
Ko
Expresses a question. Realized as -ko or -kö.
Examples
- [fi] menenkö minä “do I go?”
Han
Realized as -han or -hän.
Examples
- [fi] eihän “”
Pa
Realized as -pa or -pä.
Examples
- [fi] vaikkapa “”
S
TODO
Examples
- [fi] mitäs “”
Ka
Realized as -ka or -kä. Attached to the negative verb ei, serves also as a conjunction.
Examples
- [fi] ei päätä eikä häntää “neither head nor tail”
References
- Karttunen and Karttunen (1976) The Clitic -kin/-kaan in Finnish (TODO link)
- http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/articles/discourse-clitics.pdf
- http://cowgill.ling.yale.edu/sra/clitics_iel.htm
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=126 (in Finnish)
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1635 (in Finnish)
Connegative
: connegative
[
]
Boolean feature of verbs (VERB and AUX), marking a word as being in connegative form.
In Finnish, negations are formed of the auxiliary negative verb (ei) and the main verb, the latter of which typically appears in connegative form.
Yes: word is connegative
Note that there is no No
value. If the word is not connegative, the
Connegative
feature will not appear.
Examples
- [fi] en tiedä “I don’t know”
References
Degree
: degree of comparison
[
]
Degree of comparison is a feature of adjectives, some adverbs, and verbs in participle form.
Pos
: positive, first degree
This is the base form that merely states a quality of something, without comparing it to qualities of others.
Examples
- [fi] uusi nimi “new name”
Cmp
: comparative, second degree
The quality of one things is compared to the same quality of another.
Examples
- [fi] nuorempi veli “younger brother”
- [fi] pyöriä nopeammin “rotate faster”
Sup
: superlative, third degree
The quality of one thing is compared to the same quality of all other things within a set.
Examples
- [fi] paras tulos “best result”
- [fi] nopeimmin kasvavat “fastest grow”
Diff
FinnTreeBank
The FI_FTB corpus applies the degree of comparison only when it is noticeable in the word form (that is, in comparative or superlative). Positive (Pos) is not used, as not all adjectives, adverbs and verb participles can appear in the other degrees of comparison at all.
Derivation
: derivation
[
]
(Please note: this part of the documentation is not yet completed.)
Language-specific feature identifying the form of derivation applied to a word.
Minen
: derivation with suffix -minen
Produces noun.
Examples
- [fi] valmistaminen “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=221 (in Finnish)
Sti
: derivation with suffix -sti
Produces adverb.
Examples
- [fi] pysyvästi “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=371 (in Finnish)
Inen
: derivation with suffix -inen
Produces adjective.
Examples
- [fi] omenainen “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=261 (in Finnish)
Lainen
: derivation with suffix -lainen
Produces noun.
Examples
- [fi] Turkulainen “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=190 (in Finnish)
Ja
: derivation with suffix -ja
Produces noun.
Examples
- [fi] oppija “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=252 (in Finnish)
Ton
: derivation with suffix -ton
Produces adjective.
Examples
- [fi] voimaton “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=292 (in Finnish)
Vs
: derivation with suffix -vs
Produces noun
Examples
- [fi] TODO “TODO”
References
-
(in Finnish)
### Llinen
: derivation with suffix -llinen
Produces adjective.
Examples
- [fi] vaunullinen “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=276 (in Finnish)
Ttain
: derivation with suffix -ttain
Produces adverb.
Examples
- [fi] lajeittain “TODO”
References
-
(in Finnish)
### U
: derivation with suffix -u
Produces noun.
Examples
- [fi] lopettelu “TODO”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=221 (in Finnish)
Ttaa
: derivation with suffix -ttaa
Produces verb.
Examples
- [fi] vaivaannuttaa “TODO”
References
- TODO (in Finnish)
Tar
: derivation with suffix -tar
Produces noun.
Examples
- [fi] suojelijatar “TODO”
References
- TODO (in Finnish)
Diffs
FinnTreeBank
The language-specific feature Derivation is not in use in FI_FTB.
Foreign
: foreign word
[
]
Is this a foreign word? Not a loan word and not a foreign name but a genuinely foreign word appearing inside native text. This feature would apply either to the “X” part of speech (unanalyzable token), or to other parts of speech if we know and are willing to annotate the class to which the word belongs in its original language.
Note: the UD Tscript
(transcribed) value is not used in UD Finnish.
Foreign
: it is foreign
Examples
TODO
Fscript
: it is foreign and written in a foreign script
Examples
TODO
InfForm
: form of infinitive
[
]
(Please note: the labels on this page, including the feature name
InfForm
, are subject to change.)
Finnish has multiple infinitive forms, often termed the first infinitive, second infinitive, etc. Traditionally five different infinitives have been recognized, but UD Finnish follows the modern ISK grammar in only recognizing three verb forms as infinitives, namely those known as the first, second and third infinitives (alternatively termed the A-, E- and MA-infinitives, see e.g. VISK § 119; in Finnish).
1
: first infinitive
The first infinitive is also known as the A-infinitive. It corresponds roughly to the English infinitive introduced by to.
The base form of the first infinitive is used as the dictionary form for verbs.
Examples
- [fi] He haluavat jutella “They want to talk”
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=120 (in Finnish)
2
: second infinitive
The second infinitive is also known as the E-infinitive.
Examples
- [fi] ottaen huomioon “taking into account”
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=120 (in Finnish)
3
: third infinitive
The third infinitive is also known as the MA-infinitive.
Examples
- [fi] Menen katsomaan musikaalia “I am going to see a musical”
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=121 (in Finnish)
Mood
: mood
[
]
Mood is a feature that expresses modality and subclassifies finite verb forms.
Ind
: indicative
The indicative can be considered the default mood. A verb in indicative merely states that something happens, has happened or will happen, without adding any attitude of the speaker.
Examples
- [fi] minä sanon “I say”
Imp
: imperative
The speaker uses imperative to order or ask the addressee to do the action of the verb.
Examples
- [fi] kypsennä uunissa “fry in the oven”
Cnd: conditional
The conditional mood is used to express actions that would have taken place under some circumstances but they actually did not / do not happen.
Examples
- [fi] tarvistisimme tilaa “we would need space”
Pot: potential
The action of the verb is likely but not certain.
Examples
- [fi] talo valmistunee “the house will likely be completed”
Negative
: whether the word can be or is negated
[
]
In UD Finnish, the feature Negative
exclusively marks forms of the
negation verb ei.
NumType
: numeral type
[
]
Card
: cardinal number or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word
Examples
- [fi] yksi, kaksi, kolme “one, two, three”
Ord
: ordinal number or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word
This is a subtype of adjective or (in some languages) of adverb.
Examples
- [fi] ensimmäinen, toinen, kolmas “first, second, third”
Mult
: multiplicative numeral or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word
This is subtype of adverb.
Examples
- [fi] kerran, kahdesti, kolmesti “once, twice, thrice”
(TODO: others from http://universaldependencies.org/u/feat/NumType.html?)
Number
: number
[
]
Number
is a feature of nouns, pronouns
and numbers as well as of verbs and
adjectives that mark agreement with them.
Sing
: singular number
Examples
- [fi] päivä “day”
- [fi] hän “he/she”
- [fi] miljoona “million”
- [fi] käyttää “use”
- [fi] vaikea “difficult”
Plur
: plural number
Examples
- [fi] päiviä “days”
- [fi] he “they”
- [fi] miljoonia “millions”
- [fi] käyttävät “use”
- [fi] vaikeat “difficult”
Number[psor]
: number of possessor
[
]
Number[psor]
is a
layered feature of
nouns and … (TODO)
Sing
: singular
Examples
- [fi] tekojeni seuraukset “the consequences of my actions” (multiple actions, single actor:
Number=Plur
,Number[psor]=Sing
)
Plur
: plural
Examples
- [fi] tekomme seuraukset “the consequences of our action” (single action, multiple actors:
Number=Sing
,Number[psor]=Plur
)
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=97 (in Finnish)
PartForm
: form of participle
[
]
(Please note: the labels on this page, including the feature name
PartForm
, are subject to change.)
Finnish has multiple participles forms, here termed the present, past, agent, and negative participles (VISK § 122; in Finnish).
Pres
: present participle
The present participle, also known as the first participle and the VA-participle, has active and passive forms.
Examples
- [fi] haihtuva vesi “evaporating water” (present active participle)
- [fi] juotava vesi “drinkable water” (present passive participle)
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=522 (in Finnish)
Past
: past participle
The past participle is also known as the second participle. Its active and passive forms are also known as the NUT- and TU-participles, respectively.
Examples
- [fi] kiinnostunut opiskelija “interested student” (past active participle)
- [fi] kunnostettu auto “repaired car” (past passive participle)
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=522 (in Finnish)
Agt
: agent participle
The agent participle is also known as the MA-participle.
Examples
- [fi] naapurin kutsuma vieras “guest invited by the neighbour”
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=525 (in Finnish)
Neg
: negative participle
The negative participle is a negative counterpart to the other participle forms.
Examples
- [fi] maksamaton lasku “unpaid bill”
References
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=526 (in Finnish)
Person
: person
[
]
Person
is a feature of verbs (TODO: also pronouns?).
1
: first person
In singular, the first person refers just to the speaker or author. In plural, it includes the speaker/author and one or more additional persons.
Examples
- [fi] minä näin sinut “I saw you”
- [fi] me lähdimme “we left”
2
: second person
In singular, the second person refers to the addressee of the utterance or text. In plural, it may mean several addressees and optionally some third persons too.
Examples
- [fi] me tarjoamme “we offer”
- [fi] te vastaatte “you answer”
3
: third person
The third person refers to one or more persons that are neither speakers nor addressees.
Examples
- [fi] hän voitti “he/she won”
- [fi] he päättivät “they decided”
TODO: consider fourth person, e.g. kirja julkaistiin? (cf. ISK http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=106, http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1313)
Person[psor]
: person of possessor
[
]
Person[psor]
is a
layered feature of
nouns and … (TODO)
1
: first person
Examples
- [fi] tekojeni seurakset “the consequences of my actions”
2
: second person
Examples
- [fi] tekojesi seuraukset “the consequences of your actions”
3
: third person
Examples
- [fi] tekojensa seuraukset “the consequences of their actions”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=97 (in Finnish)
Poss
: possessive
[
]
Finnish does not have a separate category of possessive pronouns, instead using possessive suffixes (see Person[psor] and Number[psor]) and the genitive form of personal pronouns (see Case).
The UD feature Poss
is not used in UD Finnish.
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=100 (in Finnish)
PronType
: pronominal type
[
]
Prs
: personal
Formal written Finnish uses the following personal pronouns:
Person | |||
---|---|---|---|
Number | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Sing | minä | sinä | hän |
Plur | me | te | he |
Colloquial Finnish and regional dialects include a number of variants for each, such as mä, mie, mää and myö for minä “I”.
Examples
- [fi] minä, sinä, hän, me, te, he “I, you, he/she, we, you, they”
- [fi] minun, sinun, hänen, meidän, teidän, heidän “my, your, his/her, our, your, their”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=716 (in Finnish)
Rcp
: reciprocal
Examples
- [fi] toisiaan “each other”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=732 (in Finnish)
Int
: interrogative
Examples
- [fi] kuka, mikä, kumpi, millainen “who, what, which, like what”
- [fi] ken “who” (archaic)
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=734 (in Finnish)
Rel
: relative
Examples
- [fi] joka, mikä, kuka “which, what, who”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=735 (in Finnish)
Dem
: demonstrative
Examples
- [fi] tämä, tuo, se, nämä, nuo, ne “this, that, it/that, these, those, they/those”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=720 (in Finnish)
Ind
: indefinite
TODO
Notes: indefinite vs. quantifier pronouns
Some descriptions of Finnish avoid the category label “indefinite
pronouns” (indefiniittipronomi) in favor of “quantifier/quantifying
pronouns” (kvanttoripronomini)
(e.g. http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=742; in Finnish),
while others recognize both categories
(e.g. Voutilainen et al. 2012).
UD Finnish only uses the PronType
value Ind
(indefinite) (See also
the note on negative pronouns below).
Notes: negative pronouns
Finnish has no “inherently negative” pronouns (see e.g. http://wals.info/chapter/115) such as [en] nothing or [de] niemand “nobody” but instead uses a negator to construct such expressions:
- ei mitään “nothing”
- ei kukaan “nobody”
Some descriptions separate pronouns that can occur in such expressions
into their own subcategory of negative polarity (kieltohakuiset)
pronouns (see e.g. VISK §
757; in Finnish).
However, as the
UD PronType=Neg
feature only covers inherently negative pronouns, UD Finnish assigns
the PronType
value Ind
to these pronouns.
Reflex
: reflexive
[
]
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for Reflex
.
Style
: style
[
]
Coll
: word is colloquial
Examples
- [fi] et “that” (colloquial form of että)
- [fi] mut “but” (colloquial form of mutta)
Arch
: archaic, obsolete
Examples
- [fi] wanha “old” (archaic form of vanha)
Diffs
Turku Dependency Treebank
The value Arch
is not annotated systematically in TDT
and only very few instances of this value appear in the
UD Finnish corpus.
Tense
: tense
[
]
The Tense
feature applies to verbs (VERB and AUX),
specifying the time when the action took or takes place, in
relation to the current moment or to another action in the
utterance.
Tense
does not apply to non-finite verbs (infinitives and
participles), the negation verb ei, or verbs not in the
indicative mood (see
http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=111; in Finnish).
Pres
: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Examples
- [fi] järjestelmä toimii “the system works”
Past
: past tense / preterite
The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment.
Examples
- [fi] joukkue voitti “the team won”
References
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1523 (in Finnish)
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1530 (in Finnish)
Typo
: misspelled
[
]
Boolean feature marking a word as involving misspelling, grammatical error, etc.
Yes: word has typo
Examples
- [fi] Toyotä (for Toyota)
Diffs
FinnTreeBank
The language-specific feature Typo is not in use in the FI_FTB corpus.
VerbForm
: form of verb or deverbative
[
]
Fin
: finite verb
Verbs that inflect for mood (Mood), tense (Tense) or person
(Person) are finite and are assigned the VerbForm
value Fin
.
Additionally, the negation verb ei only has finite forms (VISK §
108; in Finnish),
and is always annotated with VerbForm=Fin
.
Examples
- [fi] Minä ostin kahvia “I bought coffee”
- [fi] Minulla ei ole autoa “I do not have a car”
Inf
: infinitive
Words in infinitive forms are assigned the VerbForm
value Inf
.
Infinitive forms are further differentiated using the feature
InfForm.
UD Finnish recognizes three verb forms as infinitives, namely those known as the first, second and third infinitives (alternatively termed the A-, E- and MA-infinitives, see e.g. VISK § 119; in Finnish).
Examples
- [fi] He haluavat jutella “They want to talk” (first infinitive)
- [fi] ottaen huomioon “taking into account” (second infinitive)
- [fi] Menen katsomaan musikaalia “I am going to see a musical” (third infinitive)
Part
: participle
Words in participle forms are assigned the VerbForm
value Part
.
Participle forms are further differentiated using the feature
PartForm.
Examples
- [fi] Puolue on saanut tukea “The party has received support”
References
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_verb_conjugation#Infinitives_and_participles
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=444 (in Finnish)
- http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=108 (in Finnish)
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=120 (in Finnish)
- http://kaino.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=121 (in Finnish)
Voice
: voice
[
]
The Voice
feature captures the distinction between active
and passive for verbs (fi-pos/VERB and fi-pos/AUX).
Act
: active voice
Examples
- [fi] valita paikka “select a place”
- [fi] minä voin käyttää “I can use”
Pass
: passive voice
Examples
- [fi] paikka on valittu “a place has been selected”
- [fi] sitä voidaan käyttää “it can be used”