Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl is used for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a nominal (either a noun or a pronoun). The head of the acl relation is the noun/pronoun that is modified, and the dependent is the head of the clause that modifies the noun/pronoun.
acl is used in the following cases:
- participial modifiers of nouns
- relative clauses, also including free relatives. Note that in Italian relative clauses are assigned a specific relation
acl:relcl, which is a subtype ofacl
- finite clausal complements of nouns like fatto fact, considerazione consideration, bisogno need
- infinitival modifiers of nouns
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
advcl cover the following typology of cases:
- participial modifiers
- finite clausal modifiers
- infinitival modifiers
- gerundival modifiers
advmod: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the word. In Italian adverbial modifiers, cover all adverbs functioning as modifiers as well as pronominal adverbs here marked as clitic pronouns.
- adverbial modifiers of different types of parts of speech
- pronominal adverbs modifying verbs
amod: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier is any adjective that serves to modify the meaning of a nominal head. In Italian, adjectival modifiers can occur both in pre- and post-nominal position. Note that in Italian the class of adjectives also includes ordinal numerals which thus can be adjectival modifiers.
appos: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of a noun is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
aux: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g., a modal auxiliary (potere to can or dovere must), or a form of essere to be, avere to have or stare in a periphrastic tense. Note that the auxiliary verb used to construct the passive voice (essere or venire) is not labeled aux but auxpass.
- auxiliary avere
- auxiliary essere
- auxiliary stare
- modal auxiliaries
auxpass: passive auxiliary
A passive auxiliary (essere / venire) of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which contains the passive information.
Note that periphrastic tenses in passive constructions are marked as follows, by distinguishing between the passive auxiliary (i.e. that immediately preceding the verbal head) which is marked as auxpass and the tense auxiliaries (the preceding ones) which are marked as aux.
case: case marking
In Italian, the case relation is used for any preposition introducing a noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to previous versions of the Italian Treebank, UD does not treat a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a more uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
cc: coordinating conjunction
A coordinating conjunction relation (cc) holds between the head conjunct of a coordinate structure (which is taken to be the first conjunct) and any of the coordinating conjunctions involved in the structure. This also includes the first element in paired conjunctions like sia … sia “both … and”. cc also marks the relation between a sentence initial coordinating conjunction and the sentence root. Note that punctuation is never treated as coordinating conjunction. For more on coordination, see the conj relation.
ccomp: clausal complement
A clausal complement (ccomp) of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause which is a core argument. Such clausal complements may be finite or nonfinite. If the subject of the clausal complement is controlled (that is, must be the same as the higher subject, object or indirect object, with no other possible interpretation) the appropriate relation is xcomp.
- finite clausal complement of verbal head
- finite clausal complement of adjectival head
- infinite clausal complement of verbal head
- infinite clausal complement of essere. In this case, the copula is treated as a head
compound: compound
compound in Italian is used for noun compounds and numbers (e.g. numbers expressed alphabetically).
Examples:
conj: conjunct
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, etc. The head of the relation is the first conjunct and all the other conjuncts depend on it via the conj relation.
- coordination with conjunctions
- Asyndetic coordination with omitted conjunction. Commas or other punctuation symbols delimit the conjuncts.
- mixed coordination
cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb essere (only). The copula be is not treated as the head of a clause, but rather as the dependent of a lexical predicate, as exemplified below.
This analysis is generally not adopted when the predicate is a prepositional phrase, in which case the nominal part of the prepositional phrase is the head of the clause, with a few exception in case of idiomatic forms, such as in forma in shape, expressing a property.
If the copula is accompanied by other verbal auxiliaries (e.g. for tense), they are taken as dependents of the lexical predicate:
csubj: clausal subject
A clausal subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause. The governor of this relation might not always be a verb: when the verb is a copular verb, the root of the clause is the complement of the copular verb. The dependent is the main lexical verb or other predicate of the subject clause.
Examples:
csubjpass: clausal passive subject
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for csubjpass.
dep: unspecified dependency
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for dep.
det: determiner
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for det.
discourse: discourse element
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for discourse.
dobj: direct object
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for dobj.
expl: expletive
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for expl.
foreign: foreign words
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for foreign.
iobj: indirect object
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for iobj.
list: list
list is not used. We analyse items in a list as separate sentences or conjunctions.
mark: marker
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for mark.
mwe: multi-word expression
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for mwe.
name: name
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for name.
neg: negation modifier
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for neg.
nmod: nominal modifier
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for nmod.
nsubj: nominal subject
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for nsubj.
nsubjpass: passive nominal subject
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for nsubjpass.
nummod: numeric modifier
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for nummod.
parataxis: parataxis
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for parataxis.