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Dependencies

Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.

Core dependents of clausal predicates
Nominal dep Predicate dep
nsubj csubj
nsubjpass csubjpass
dobj ccomp xcomp
iobj
Non-core dependents of clausal predicates
Nominal dep Predicate dep Modifier word
nmod advcl advmod
    neg
Special clausal dependents
Nominal dep Auxiliary Other
vocative aux mark
discourse auxpass punct
expl cop
Noun dependents
Nominal dep Predicate dep Modifier word
nummod acl amod
appos   det
nmod   neg
Compounding and unanalyzed
compound mwe goeswith
name foreign
Coordination
conj cc punct
Case-marking, prepositions, possessive
case
Loose joining relations
list parataxis remnant
dislocated reparandum
Other
Sentence head Unspecified dependency
root dep

Dependencies ja

acl:
clausal modifier of noun

The dependency type acl is used for relative clauses and clausal complements of nouns. For a relative clause, the head of the dependency is the noun modified by the clause, and the dependant is the main predicate of the clause.

太郎 が 食べ た リンゴ \n Taro NOM eat PAST apple
acl(リンゴ, 食べ)
case(太郎, が)
aux(食べ, た)

Formal noun こと / koto “fact” can have a clausal complement and forms a noun phrase denoting the action expressed by the clause. For a example, 走る / hashiru “run” こと / koto “fact” means running (or a fact that someone runs).

ほめ られ た こと \n praise PASSIVE PAST fact
acl(こと, ほめ)
auxpass(ほめ, られ)
aux(ほめ, た)
edit acl

advcl:
adverbial clause modifier

The dependency type advcl is reserved for subordinate clauses. The head of the dependency is the main predicate of the main clause, and the dependant is the main predicate of the subordinate clause. A subordinate clauses consists of a clause and a word of “SCONJ”, and is typically followed by the main clause.

食べ た なら 行く 。 \n eat PAST if go .
advcl(行く, 食べ)
aux(食べ, た)
mark(食べ, なら)
punct(行く, 。)
edit advcl

aux:
auxiliary

The dependency type aux is used for auxiliary verbs and particles that attach to predicates.

ご飯 を 食べ た 。 \n rice ACC eat PAST .
case(ご飯, を)
dobj(食べ, ご飯)
aux(食べ, た)
punct(食べ, 。)

行き ます か 。 \n go POLITE QUESTION .
aux(行き, ます)
aux(行き, か)
punct(行き, 。)
edit aux

case:
case marking

In Japanese, case markers are particles attaching to a noun phrase. The particles are tagged as “ADP” in UD Japanese.

Typical case markers are as follows:

  • が / ga for nominative
  • を / o for accusative
  • に / ni for dative, locative etc.
  • の / no for genitive
  • へ / e for locative etc.
太郎 が 東京 へ 行く 。\n Taro NOM Tokyo TO go .
case(太郎, が)
case(東京, へ)
nsubj(行く, 太郎)
nmod(行く, 東京)

太郎 の 家 \n Taro OF house
case(太郎, の)
nmod(家, 太郎)
edit case

cc:
coordinating conjunction

The dependency type cc is used for CONJ, that is, conjunction and coordinating conjunctive particle (e.g. と / to, や / ya). See the example of conj.

edit cc

cop:
copula

The dependency type cop is reserved for a copular auxiliary だ / da. The auxiliary typically follows a noun phrase to form a copular clause. A postpositional phrase with a nominative case is commonly needed to complete sentence.

For example, dependencies for 太郎 は 学生 だ 。/ Taro ha gakusei da “Taro is a student.” are as follows.

太郎 は 学生 だ 。 \n Taro TOPIC student COPULA .
nsubj(学生, 太郎)
case(太郎, は)
cop(学生, だ)
punct(学生, 。)

Note that we treat the auxiliary だ / da after adjectives as aux. Therefore dependencies for さくら が きれい だ 。 / sakura ga kirei da “The cherry blossoms are beautiful.” do not include the `cop’ relation.

さくら が きれい だ 。 \n cherry_blossoms NOM beautiful AUX .
nsubj(きれい, さくら)
case(さくら, が)
aux(きれい, だ)
punct(きれい, 。)
edit cop

det:
determiner

The dependency type det is for a closed set of adnominals.

The full list of the adnominals is as follows:

  • この / kono “this”
  • こんな / konna “this”
  • あの / ano “that”
  • あんな / an’na “that”
  • その / sono “that”
  • そんな / son’na “that”
  • どの / dono “which”
  • どんな / don’na “which”
この 本 \n this book
det(本, この)
edit det