Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl stands for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a nominal.
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
advmod: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is an adverb or adverbial phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
amod: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier of a noun is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun.
appos: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier serves to identify its head in a different way. This relation is usually established between noun phrases.
However, other parts of speech and even clauses can also be involved in the relation:
The apposition can be introduced by an adverb (e.g. ‘adică’, ‘anume’, ‘respectiv’, ‘alias’, etc.), which is analysed as a ‘mark’ for the apposotion:
It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
‘appos’ is also used to link key-value pairs in addresses, signatures, etc.:
aux: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause.
Exception: The auxiliary verb used to construct the passive voice is not labeled ‘aux’, but ‘auxpass’.
auxpass: passive auxiliary
A passive auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which contains the passive information.
cc: coordinating conjunction
A cc is the relation between the first conjunct and the coordinating conjunction delimiting another conjunct:
A coordinating conjunction may also appear at the beginning of a sentence. This is also called a cc, and it depends on the root predicate of the sentence. (In fact there is a coordination that spans multiple sentences. We cannot attach a word to the first conjunct because it is in another sentence. Thus we attach it to the first conjunct available in the current sentence: its main predicate.)
ccomp: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause which is a core argument. That is, it functions like an object of the verb, or adjective. Such clausal complements may be finite or nonfinite.
The clausal predicative of the copula verb a fi is also analysed as ccomp. NB: This is the only case when the copula verb a fi is treated as a head.
conj: conjunct
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, etc. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically: the head of the relation is the first conjunct and all the other conjuncts depend on it via the conj relation.
Coordinate clauses are treated the same way as coordination of other constituent types:
cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb a fi (only). (We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement.)
All other copula verbs are heads of clauses and their complements are in xcomp relation to them:
When the copula verb has auxiliaries, they are also dependents of the lexical predicate:
When the complement of the copula verb a fi is a clause, the copula is the head, and the subordinate clause is in ccomp relation with it:
csubj: clausal subject
A clausal subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause.
csubjpass: clausal passive subject
A clausal passive subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a passive clause:
dep: unspecified dependency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dep.
det: determiner
The relation determiner (det) holds between a nominal head and its determiner:
discourse: discourse element
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for discourse.
dislocated: dislocated elements
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dislocated.
dobj: direct object
The direct object of a verb is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon.
When the direct object is doubled by a pronoun, this is marked as expl.
Romanian allows for the occurrence of two Accusative objects with some (uses of certain) verbs: the [+Animate] object (the direct object in traditional grammar terms) is anlysed here as iobj, while the other Accusative object (the secondary object in traditional grammar terms) is dobj:
expl: expletive
Romanian does not have expletives of the English sort.
However, we use the expl label for the following situations:
- clitic doubling:
- non-referential use of pronouns:
- expletive negation:
- possession:
foreign: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign.
goeswith: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith.
iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb, usually expressing the recipient, the addressee or beneficiary of the predicate:
We also analyse as iobj the [+Animate] object (the direct object in traditional grammar terms) of verbs with two Accusative objects, whereas the other object (the secondary object in traditional grammar terms) is dobj:
list: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list.
mark: marker
A marker is the word introducing a finite clause subordinate to another clause:
mwe: multi-word expression
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mwe.
name: name
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for name.
neg: negation modifier
The negation modifier is the relation between a negation word and the word it modifies.
Modifiers labeled neg depend either on a noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
nmod: nominal modifier
The nmod relation is used for nominal modifiers. They depend either on another noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
nmod is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct. This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb. But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute.
nsubj: nominal subject
A nominal subject is a nominal phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause.
nsubjpass: passive nominal subject
A passive nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a passive clause.
nummod: numeric modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nummod.
parataxis: parataxis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for parataxis.
punct: punctuation
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for punct.
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for remnant.
reparandum: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum.