Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl stands for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a nominal.
Mă impresionează un copil plângând . \n Me impresses a child crying. (A crying child impresses me.)
acl(copil, plângând)
Am închis fereastra deschisă de Ion . \n Have-I closed window-the opened by John. (I closed the window opened by John.)
acl(fereastra, deschisă)
L-a ajutat un prieten care locuiește la Paris . \n Him-has helped a friend who lives at Paris. (A friend who lives in Paris helped him.)
acl(prieten, locuiește)
Dorința să trăiască l-a ajutat să învingă boala . \n Desire-the SĂ live him-has helped SĂ defeat disease-the. (The desire to live helped him to defeat the desease.)
acl(Dorința, trăiască)
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
Sunt bucuros pentru că am luat examenul . \n Am glad because have-I passed exam-the. (I am glad because I passed the exam.)
advcl(bucuros, luat)
Ajungând la birou, a observat că îi lipsește cheia . \n Arriving at office, has noticed that to-him lacks key-the . (When arriving at the office, he noticed that didn't have the key.)
advcl(observat, Ajungând)
advmod: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is an adverb or adverbial phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
Merg la munte mâine . \n Go-I at mountain tomorrow . (I am going into the mountains tomorrow.)
advmod(Merg, mâine)
Cititul noaptea nu este sănătos . \n Reading night not is healthy . (It is not healthy to read at night.)
advmod(Cititul, noaptea)
amod: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier of a noun is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun.
Sunt o persoană timidă . \n Am a person shy . (I am a shy person .)
amod(persoană, timidă)
appos: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier serves to identify its head in a different way. This relation is usually established between noun phrases.
Am plecat cu Alexandru , vărul meu . \n Have-I left with Alexandru , cousin-the my .
appos(Alexandru, vărul)
However, other parts of speech and even clauses can also be involved in the relation:
Gustul fructului era ciudat , adică dulce-amărui . \n . Taste-the fruit-the-of was strange , that_is sweet-bitter .
appos(ciudat, dulce-amărui)
Ne-am întâlnit aici , unde am stabilit . \n Us-have met here , where have-we established .
appos(aici, stabilit)
The apposition can be introduced by an adverb (e.g. ‘adică’, ‘anume’, ‘respectiv’, ‘alias’, etc.), which is analysed as a ‘mark’ for the apposotion:
A reușind muncind , adică asudând . \n Has succeeded working , that_is sweating .
appos(muncind, asudând)
mark(asudând, adică)
It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
Venerabilul ( adică eu ) merge diseară la întrunire . \n Honorable-the ( that_is I ) goes tonight at meeting.
appos(Venerabilul, eu)
Banca Comercială Română ( BCR ) \n Bank-the Commercial Romanian ( BCR )
appos(Banca, BCR)
‘appos’ is also used to link key-value pairs in addresses, signatures, etc.:
Ana Ionescu , Str Rozelor , tel : 0245.756.547 , email : ana@yahoo.com
name(Ana, Ionescu)
list(Ana, Str)
appos(Str, Rozelor)
list(Ana, tel)
appos(tel, 0245.756.547)
list(Ana, email)
appos(email, ana@yahoo.com)
aux: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause.
Aș vrea o portocală . \n Would-I want an orange .
aux(vrea, Aș)
Exception: The auxiliary verb used to construct the passive voice is not labeled ‘aux’, but ‘auxpass’.
auxpass: passive auxiliary
A passive auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which contains the passive information.
A fost spânzurat . \n Has been hanged .
auxpass(spânzurat, fost)
case: case marking
The case relation is used for linking prepositions to their heads:
O văd pe Maria . \n Her see-I PE Mary . (I can see Mary.)
case(Maria, pe)
Pun cartea pe masă . \n Put-I book-the on table .
case(masă, pe)
cc: coordinating conjunction
A cc is the relation between the first conjunct and the coordinating conjunction delimiting another conjunct:
Maria și Ion tocmai au sosit . \n Mary and John just have arrived .
cc(Maria, și)
conj(Maria, Ion)
A coordinating conjunction may also appear at the beginning of a sentence. This is also called a cc, and it depends on the root predicate of the sentence. (In fact there is a coordination that spans multiple sentences. We cannot attach a word to the first conjunct because it is in another sentence. Thus we attach it to the first conjunct available in the current sentence: its main predicate.)
Și au salutat gazda . \n And have greeted host-the
cc(salutat, Și)
ccomp: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause which is a core argument. That is, it functions like an object of the verb, or adjective. Such clausal complements may be finite or nonfinite.
Înțeleg că ești obosit . \n Understand-I that are-you tired .
ccomp(Înțeleg, obosit)
Noi putem schia . \n We can ski .
ccomp(putem, schia)
The clausal predicative of the copula verb a fi is also analysed as ccomp. NB: This is the only case when the copula verb a fi is treated as a head.
ROOT Noi suntem cum ne știi . \n We are how us know-you .
root(ROOT, suntem)
ccomp(suntem, știi)
compound: compound
compound is used for linking compound words of any part of speech:
Am patru mii de lei . \n Have-I four thousand of lei .
compound(mii, patru)
conj: conjunct
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, etc. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically: the head of the relation is the first conjunct and all the other conjuncts depend on it via the conj relation.
Ion și Maria au sosit . \n John and Mary have arrived .
conj(Ion, Maria)
Coordinate clauses are treated the same way as coordination of other constituent types:
Ion a sosit , dar Maria întârzie . \n John has arrived , but Mary is_late .
conj(sosit, întârzie)
cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb a fi (only). (We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement.)
Maria este fericită . \n Maria is happy .
cop(fericită, este)
All other copula verbs are heads of clauses and their complements are in xcomp relation to them:
Maria a devenit designer . \n Mary has become designer .
xcomp(devenit, designer)
When the copula verb has auxiliaries, they are also dependents of the lexical predicate:
Maria va fi campioană . \n Mary will be champion .
cop(campioană, fi)
aux(campioană, va)
When the complement of the copula verb a fi is a clause, the copula is the head, and the subordinate clause is in ccomp relation with it:
ROOT Noi suntem cum ne știi . \n We are how us know-you .
root(ROOT, suntem)
ccomp(suntem, știi)
csubj: clausal subject
A clausal subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause.
Cine aleargă după doi iepuri nu prinde nici_unul . \n Who runs after two rabbits not catches none .
csubj(prinde, aleargă)
A greși e omenesc . \n To err is human .
csubj(omenesc, greși)
csubjpass: clausal passive subject
A clausal passive subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a passive clause:
Cine a încălcat legea a fost pedepsit de instanță . \n Who has broken law-the has been punished by court .
csubjpass(pedepsit, încălcat)
dep: unspecified dependency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dep.
det: determiner
The relation determiner (det) holds between a nominal head and its determiner:
Am văzut un okapi . \n Have-I seen an okapi .
det(okapi, un)
Spune-i lui Ion . \n Tell-him the-Dative John.
det(Ion, lui)
discourse: discourse element
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for discourse.
dislocated: dislocated elements
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dislocated.
dobj: direct object
The direct object of a verb is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon.
Citesc o carte . \n Read-I a book .
dobj(Citesc, carte)
O văd . \n Her see-I .
dobj(văd, O)
When the direct object is doubled by a pronoun, this is marked as expl.
O văd pe Mara . \n Her see-I PE Mara .
dobj(văd, Mara)
expl(văd, O)
Romanian allows for the occurrence of two Accusative objects with some (uses of certain) verbs: the [+Animate] object (the direct object in traditional grammar terms) is anlysed here as iobj, while the other Accusative object (the secondary object in traditional grammar terms) is dobj:
Bunica i-a învățat pe copii o poezie . \n Grandmother-the them-has taught PE children a poem .
dobj(învățat, poezie)
iobj(învățat, copii)
expl: expletive
Romanian does not have expletives of the English sort.
However, we use the expl label for the following situations:
- clitic doubling:
O văd pe Mara . \n Her see-I PE Mara .
dobj(văd, Mara)
expl(văd, O)
- non-referential use of pronouns:
Am apucat - o la stânga . \n Have-I turned-her to left .
expl(apucat, o)
- expletive negation:
Cine nu știe că Pământul se învârtește în jurul Soarelui ? \n Who not knows that Earth-the SE spins around Sun-the ?
expl(știe, nu)
- possession:
Mi- am vândut mașina .
expl:poss(vândut, Mi-)
foreign: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign.
goeswith: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith.
iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb, usually expressing the recipient, the addressee or beneficiary of the predicate:
Îi dau Marei un trandafir . \n Her give-I Mara-Dat a rose .
iobj(dau, Marei)
Acesta este un concurs deschis elevilor din clasele a patra. \n This is a contest opened pupils-to-the from grades the fourth .
iobj(deschis, elevilor)
Conjunctura nu -mi este favorabilă . \n Conjuncture-the not -me-to is favourable .
iobj(favorabilă, -mi)
We also analyse as iobj the [+Animate] object (the direct object in traditional grammar terms) of verbs with two Accusative objects, whereas the other object (the secondary object in traditional grammar terms) is dobj:
Bunica i-a învățat pe copii o poezie . \n Grandmother-the them-has taught PE children a poem .
dobj(învățat, poezie)
iobj(învățat, copii)
list: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list.
mark: marker
A marker is the word introducing a finite clause subordinate to another clause:
Văd că plouă . \n See-I that rains .
mark(plouă, că)
Vin , dacă pot . \n Come-I , if can-I .
mark(pot, dacă)
mwe: multi-word expression
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mwe.
name: name
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for name.
neg: negation modifier
The negation modifier is the relation between a negation word and the word it modifies.
Modifiers labeled neg depend either on a noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
Copilul nu scrie frumos . Child-the not writes neatly .
neg(scrie, nu)
Maria a cumpărat nu trandafiri , ci lalele . Mary has bought not roses , but tulips .
neg(trandafiri, nu)
nmod: nominal modifier
The nmod relation is used for nominal modifiers. They depend either on another noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
nmod is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct. This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb. But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute.
Prietena fetei o așteaptă la masă . \n Friend-the girl-the-genitive her waits at table .
nmod(Prietena, fetei)
nmod(așteaptă, masă)
nsubj: nominal subject
A nominal subject is a nominal phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause.
El citește . \n He reads .
nsubj(citește, El)
nsubjpass: passive nominal subject
A passive nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a passive clause.
Cântecul a fost compus de interpret . \n Song-the has been composed by singer .
nsubjpass(compus, Cântecul)
nummod: numeric modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nummod.
parataxis: parataxis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for parataxis.
punct: punctuation
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for punct.
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
Dan a desenat o casă , iar Maria un copac .
remnant(Dan, Maria)
remnant(casă, copac)
ROOT Când a intrat preotul , toți în genunchi .
root(ROOT, genunchi)
nsubj(genunchi, toți)
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for remnant.
reparandum: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum.
root: root
The root grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A fake node “ROOT” is used as the governor. The ROOT node is indexed with “0”, since the indexation of real words in the sentence starts at 1.
ROOT Copilul aleargă . \n ROOT Child-the runs .
root(ROOT, aleargă)
ROOT Vin imediat . \n ROOT Come-I immediately .
root(ROOT, Vin)
ROOT Fata este frumoasă . \n ROOT Girl-the is beautiful .
root(ROOT, frumoasă)
ROOT Este bine să mănânci de dimineață . \n ROOT Is well SA eat in morning.
root(ROOT, bine)
vocative: vocative
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for vocative.
xcomp: open clausal complement
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for xcomp.