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Dependencies

Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.

Core dependents of clausal predicates
Nominal dep Predicate dep
nsubj csubj
nsubjpass csubjpass
dobj ccomp xcomp
iobj
Non-core dependents of clausal predicates
Nominal dep Predicate dep Modifier word
nmod advcl advmod
    neg
Special clausal dependents
Nominal dep Auxiliary Other
vocative aux mark
discourse auxpass punct
expl cop
Noun dependents
Nominal dep Predicate dep Modifier word
nummod acl amod
appos   det
nmod   neg
Compounding and unanalyzed
compound mwe goeswith
name foreign
Coordination
conj cc punct
Case-marking, prepositions, possessive
case
Loose joining relations
list parataxis remnant
dislocated reparandum
Other
Sentence head Unspecified dependency
root dep

Dependencies no


acl:
clausal modifier of noun

acl is used for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a noun, including cases of secondary predication. In Norwegian, relative clauses are assigned a language-specific subtype acl:relcl.

Han har gitt militsen ordre om å omgruppere \n He has given the militia orders to regroup
acl(ordre, omgruppere)

The acl relation is also used for optional predicatives.

En 12 år gammel gutt kommer inn døende \n A 12-year old boy comes in dying
acl(gutt, døende)
edit acl

acl:relcl:
relative clause

This language-specific relation is used for relative clauses in Norwegian and the acl:relcl relation is assigned to the main predicate of the relative clause. Relative clauses modify a nominal element and are often initiated by the relative pronoun som “that” which is assigned a nominal relation to the main predicate of the relative clause.

Jeg har en venn som kjenner deg \n I have a friend who knows you
acl:relcl(venn,kjenner)
nsubj(kjenner,som)
Jeg har en venn som du kjenner \n I have a friend whom you know
acl:relcl(venn,kjenner)
dobj(kjenner,som)
Jeg kjenner han som du danset med \n I know he who you danced with
acl:relcl(han,danset)
nmod(danset,som)

The relative pronoun may be omitted when it stands in a non-subject relation to the predicate of the relative clause:

Jeg har en venn du kjenner \n I have a friend you know
acl:relcl(venn,kjenner)

Note that due to the analysis of the copula construction (cop), the main predicate of a relative clause may also be an adjective or even a noun:

Jeg har en venn som er morsom \n I have a friend who is funny
acl:relcl(venn,morsom)
Jeg har en venn som er en dyktig snekker \n I have a friend who is a good carpenter
acl:relcl(venn,snekker)
edit acl:relcl

advcl:
adverbial clause modifier

An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.

Helt siden han tiltrådte har Kofi Annan talt de fattiges sak \n Ever since he started Kofi Annan has spoken the cause of the poor
advcl(talt, tiltrådte)
Mange blir HIV-smittet fordi de ikke vet hvordan man smittes \n Many are infected with HIV because they do not know how one is infected
advcl(HIV-smittet, vet)
edit advcl

aux:
auxiliary

An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g., a modal auxiliary, or a form of ha “have” or være “be” in a periphrastic tense. Exception: Auxiliary verb used to construct the passive voice is not labeled aux but auxpass.

Dette har vi i Norge merket \n This we have in Norway noticed
aux(merket,har)
deres siste øyeblikk er kommet \n Their last moment has is come
aux(kommet,er)
Helseadvarslene må være tydelige \n The health warnings must be clear
aux(tydelige, må)
edit aux

cc:
coordinating conjunction

For more on coordination, see the conj relation. A cc is the relation between the first conjunct and the coordinating conjunction delimiting another conjunct.

Kamskjell , piggvar og lammefilet sto på menyen \n Scallops , turbot and lamb were on the menu
cc(Kamskjell,og)

A coordinating conjunction may also appear at the beginning of a sentence. This is also called a cc, and it depends on the root predicate of the sentence.

Og denne gangen gjorde hun det på engelsk \n And this time she did it in English
cc(gjorde,Og)
edit cc

compound:prt:
compound:prt

This language-specific relation is used for verbal particles in Norwegian and describes the relation of the particle to its verbal head.

Particles exhibit a number of syntactic properties which sets them apart from regular prepositions. For instance, a pronominal object may intercede the verb and the preposition in the particle case satte den på “put it on”, but not in the case of a regular preposition and its complement *lette den etter “*looked it for”, and only complements of a preposition may occur in an impersonal passive Det ble lett etter den nye boka “It was looked for the new book”, but an object in a particle construction may not *Det ble satt den på “*It was put it on”.

Den gang ble alt samlet inn \n That time all was collected
compound:prt(samlet,inn)
Regjeringen har lagt frem et raust statsbudsjett \n The government has put forward a generous budget
compound:prt(lagt,frem)
Forskningsrådet delte onsdag kveld ut to sentrale priser \n The research council handed out to central prizes Wednesday evening
compound:prt(delte,ut)

References Kari Kinn, Per Erik Solberg and Pål Kristian Eriksen. “NDT Guidelines for Morphological Annotation”. National Library Tech Report.

edit compound:prt

expl:
expletive

This relation captures expletive nominals. These are nominals that appear in an argument position of a predicate but which do not themselves satisfy any of the semantic roles of the predicate. The main predicate of the clause (the verb or predicate adjective or noun) is the governor.

For Norwegian, the expletive element is expressed using the neuter pronoun det “it” and the expl relation is used for both expletive subjects and objects.

Presentational construction

In Norwegian expletives occur in the presentational construction, which involves an expletive subject, an active verb and an indefinite subject (en debatt “a debate” in the example below).

Det eksisterer allerede en debatt \n There already exists a debate
expl(eksisterer-2,Det-1)
nsubj(eksisterer-2,debatt-5)
Impersonal passive

Norwegian employs the impersonal passive construction, where there is an expletive subject and the underlying subject is unexpressed.

Senere har det blitt fremsatt flere forslag \n Later has there been proposed several suggestions
expl(fremsatt,det)
Clause-anticipating constructions

These constructions contain a finite or non-finite clause which semantically may be regarded as the subject, but where the subject position is occupied by an expletive.

Det er ønskelig at utvalget arbeider i dialog \n It is desirable that the committee works in dialogue
expl(ønskelig-3,Det-1)
csubj(ønskelig-3,arbeider-6)
Det er en offentlig oppgave å bidra økonomisk \n It is a public duty to contribute financially
expl(oppgave-5,Det-1)
csubj(oppgave-5,bidra-7)

We also find clause-anticipating constructions with expletive objects.

Retten finner det bevist at han handlet forsettlig \n The court finds it proven that he acted intentionally
expl(finner-2,det-3)
ccomp(finner-2,handlet-7)
Clefts

Clefts are quite common in Norwegian. They contain an expletive subject, a form of være “to be” and a relative clause. Note that in clefts we do not adopt a copula analysis of the verb være “er”.

Det er forholdsvis få arter som har klart å tilpasse seg \n There are quite few species that have managed to adapt 
expl(er-2,Det-1)
acl:relcl(arter-5,klart-8)
References

Kari Kinn, Per Erik Solberg and Pål Kristian Eriksen. NDT Guidelines for Morphological Annotation”. National Library Tech Report.

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edit expl

nmod:
nominal modifier

The nmod relation is used for nominal modifiers. They depend either on another noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).

nmod is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct. This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb. But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute.

nmod is used for nouns modified by a preposition.

Og bak prosesjonen kom dagens hovedpersoner \n And behind the procession came the main people
case(prosesjonen,bak)
nmod(kom,prosesjonen)
Arbeiderpartiet får ledervervet i utenrikskomiteen \n Labour gets the leading role in the foreign committee
case(utenrikskomiteen,i)
nmod(ledervervet,utenrikskomiteen)

The nmod relation is also used for temporal modifiers expressed as nominals:

Stortinget ble mandag kveld enige \n Government agreed Monday evening
nmod(ble-2,mandag-3)
nmod(mandag-3,kveld-4)
edit nmod

xcomp:
open clausal complement

An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp. This is often referred to as obligatory control.

In Norwegian xcomp is used for infinitival clauses

Han har tidligere lovet å vende tilbake \n He has previously promised to return
xcomp(lovet,vende)

This relation is also used for cases of obligatory secondary predication

presidentens ambisiøse helseplan kjørte seg fullstendig fast \n the president's ambitious health plan got completely stuck
xcomp(kjørte,fast)

xcomp is also used for copula-like verbs such as bli “become”, kalle “call”, hete “named” in Norwegian.

Mennesket kan bli edelt \n Man can become noble
xcomp(bli,edelt)
edit xcomp