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POS tags

POS tags kk

Open class words Closed class words Other
ADJ ADP PUNCT
ADV AUX SYM
INTJ CONJ X
NOUN DET
PROPN NUM
VERB PART
PRON
SCONJ

ADJ:
adjective

Adjectives are words that typically modify nouns and specify their properties or attributes. Many adjectives may also be used substantively (i.e. as a NOUN) without adding any further suffixes. They may also be used adverbially (i.e. as an ADV) without adding further suffixes.

TODO: How to treat this

Examples

  • [kk] үлкен “big”, ескі “old”, жасыл “green”
edit ADJ

ADP:
adposition

Postpositions in Kazakh receive the tag ADP. We only consider postpositions to be those which govern a case and are not in izafet construction with their complement.

Examples

  • [kk] дейін “until, up to”, кейін “after”
  • [kk] ретінде “as”, бойынша “by”
edit ADP

ADV:
adverb

Adverbs are words that typically modify adjectives, verbs or other adverbs for such categories as time, place, direction or manner.

Some adverbs may be used attributively in the manner of adjectives.

Examples

  • [kk] қайда? қашан? қалай? “where? when? how?”
  • [kk] әдетте “usually”
  • [kk] өте суық “very cold”
edit ADV

AUX:
auxiliary verb

In Kazakh, only a closed list of verbs can act as auxiliaries. These are words take part in participle constructions. They are tagged AUX.

The full list of auxiliaries is as follows:

  • ал- “do, make”
  • баста- “start”
  • бер- “”
  • біт- “”
  • бітір- “”
  • бол- “be”
  • ет- “”
  • жазда- “”
  • жат- “”
  • жүр- “”
  • қал- “”
  • кел- “come”
  • кет- “”
  • көр- “see”
  • отыр- “”
  • сал- “”
  • тұр- “stand”
  • шық- “”

Note: Some of these are ambiguous with lexical verbs.

edit AUX

CONJ:
coordinating conjunction

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for CONJ.

edit CONJ

DET:
determiner

Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases and express the reference of the noun phrase in context. This is a closed class in Kazakh. Many determiners are ambiguous with pronouns.

Examples

  • [kk] әр адам “every person”
  • [kk] бір адам “a person” (ambiguous with “one person”)
  • [kk] кей адам “some people”
  • [kk] қай адам? “which person?”
edit DET

INTJ:
interjection

An interjection is a word that is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation.

Examples

  • [kk] жоқ, “no”, иә “yes
  • [kk] сәлем, “hello”
  • [kk] әлбетте, “of course”
  • [kk] аһ
edit INTJ

NOUN:
noun

Nouns inflect for case, number and possession. Nouns receive nominal morphology. Other parts of speech may be derived into nouns, such as adjectives.

Proper nouns are not annotated as NOUN but rather PROPN.

Examples

  • [kk] қыз “girl”
  • [kk] үй “house”
  • [kk] ағаш “tree”
edit NOUN

NUM:
numeral

A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner, adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.

Examples

  • [kk] 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2014, 1000000, 3.14159265359
  • [kk] бір, екі, үш “one, two, three”
  • [kk] I, II, III, IV, V, MMXIV
  • [kk] бірінші, екінші, үшінші “first, second, third”
edit NUM

PART:
particle

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for PART.

edit PART

PRON:
pronoun

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.

See also PronType.

Examples

  • [kk] мен, сен, ол, біз, сендер, олар, сіз, сіздер “I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they, you (formal), you (formal)” (personal pronouns)
  • [kk] өз “self” (reflexive pronoun)
  • [kk] бұл, сол, ол, осы, мына (demonstrative pronouns)
  • [kk] _кім, не, қайсы” “who, what, which” (interrogative pronouns)
  • [kk] TODO (indefinite pronouns)
  • [kk] TODO (totality pronouns)
  • [kk] TODO (negative pronouns)
edit PRON

PROPN:
proper noun

A proper noun is a noun (or nominal content word) that is the name (or part of the name) of a specific individual, place, or object.

Acronyms of proper nouns, such as ӨФ and БҰҰ, should be tagged PROPN.

Examples

  • [kk] Исфаһан, Оксана, Шыңғыс
  • [kk] Сараево, Алматы
  • [kk] ӨФ, БҰҰ “RF, UN”
edit PROPN

PUNCT:
punctuation

Punctuation marks are non-alphabetical characters and character groups used to delimit linguistic units in printed text.

Examples

  • Full stop: .
  • Comma: ,
  • Parentheses: ()
edit PUNCT

SCONJ:
subordinating conjunction

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for SCONJ.

edit SCONJ

SYM:
symbol

A symbol is a word-like entity that differs from ordinary words by form, function, or both.

Examples

  • $, %, §, ©
  • +, −, ×, ÷, =, <, >
  • :), ♥‿♥, 😝
  • john.doe@universal.org, http://universaldependencies.org/, 1-800-COMPANY
edit SYM

VERB:
verb

Verbs typically inflect for tense, mood and person and signal events and actions. Verbs can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.

Auxiliary and modal verbs are not annotated as VERB but rather AUX.

Examples

  • [fi] ойна, же “play, eat”
edit VERB