POS tags
| Open class words | Closed class words | Other |
|---|---|---|
| ADJ | ADP | PUNCT |
| ADV | AUX | SYM |
| INTJ | CONJ | X |
| NOUN | DET | |
| PROPN | NUM | |
| VERB | PART | |
| PRON | ||
| SCONJ |
ADJ: adjective
Definition
Adjectives are words that typically modify nouns and specify their properties or attributes. They may also function as predicates, as in
- Mavi araba “(the) blue car”
- Araba mavi “(the) car is blue”
In Turkish the Adjective do not inflect.
Degree is specified using adverbs daha and en.
We distinguish between adjectives, determiners and numerals. We do not mark determiners as adjectives as is the case in most (traditional) dictionaries and grammars.
Examples
- büyük “big”
- eski “old”
- yeşil “green”
ADP: adposition
Definition
Turkish only has postpositions. They occur after a complement noun phrase (or a nominal subordinate clause) and they form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
A number of postpositions in Turkish are complex,
derived from a closed set of nouns (see Göksel & Kerslake 2005, ch.17).
Examples include, alt-ın-da “below”, arka-sı-nda “behind”, konu-su-nda “about”.
We also mark these expressions as ADP when they are used as postpositions
(TODO: this requires discussion).
Examples
- Ali’ye rağmen “despite Ali”
- Ali için “for Ali”
- Kalabalığın arasında “between/within the crowd”
- Ali’nin dışında “except Ali”
References
Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.
ADV: adverb
Definition
Adverbs are words that typically modify verbs and adjectives. They may also modify other adverbs and nouns (see examples below).
Examples
- güzel okudu “he/she has read well”
- çok güzel okudu “he/she has read very well”
- çok güzel bir kız “a very pretty girl”
- evi de satmış “he/she sold the house too”
AUX: auxiliary verb
Definition
In Turkish the verbs ol- and bulun- and the question particle mI (mı/mi/mu/mü) may function as auxiliary verbs.
We (currently) use the AUX for the question particle.
The verbs are marked as ol- and bulun- are always marked as VERB.
The dependency label indicates their use (auxiliary, copula or content verb).
Examples
- Okumuş bulunduk “We have happened to read (it)”
- Okuyor olacağım “I will be reading”
- Okumuş muydun “Have you read (it)?”
- Okuymuş olmaycak mıydın “Weren’t you supposed to read (it)”
CONJ: coordinating conjunction
Definition
A coordinating conjunction is a word that links words or larger constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
For subordinating conjunctions, see SCONJ.
Examples
- ve “and”
- ya da “or”
- ama “but”
DET: determiner
Definition
Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases and express the reference of the noun phrase in context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.
Traditionally, Turkish grammars and dictionaries do not make the distinction between a determiner and an adjective (but modern grammars do, see Göksel and Kerslake 2005, ch.15).
Turkish does not have a definite article,
but the numeral bir “one” also acts as an indefinite article.
We mark it as DET in this usage.
Examples
- demonstrative determiners: bu “this”, şu “this/that”, o “that”
- interrogative determiners: hangi “which”, kaç “how many”
- quantity/quantifier determiners: bütün “all”, bazı “some”, hiçbir “none”
References
Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.
INTJ: interjection
Definition
An interjection is a word that is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, is not syntactically related to other accompanying expressions, and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language.
Examples
- aaa
- ay
- maşallah
- lütfen “please”
- tabii “of course”
- işte
NOUN: noun
Definition
Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person, place, thing, animal or idea.
The NOUN tag is intended for common nouns only. See PROPN for
proper nouns and PRON for pronouns.
Turkish nouns inflect for tr-feat/Number, possessor and tr-feat/Case.
We also mark the non-root inflectional groups as NOUN in complex derivation involving some suffixes, and subordinate clauses that function as a noun phrase.
For details, see the section on subordination in specific constructions.
All adjectives and some of the adverbs may function as a noun without additional derivation, in this cases, we keep the POS tag of the original word, but assign nominal features to the word. (TODO: this needs more discussion)
Examples
- kız “girl”
- kedi “cat”
- ağaç “tree”
NUM: numeral
Definition
A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner, adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.
Note that cardinal numerals are covered by NUM whether they are expressed as words (four), digits (4) or Roman numerals (IV).
In Turkish numbers may get features NumType=Ord (ordinal) or NumType=Dist (distributive) through suffixation.
We also mark interrogative kaç “how many” as NUM.
Examples
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2014, 1000000, 3,14159265359
- I, II, III, IV, V, MMXIV
- bir “one”, beş “five”, onbeş “fifteen”
- kaç “how many”, kaçıncı “which one (of an ordered entities)”, kaçar “how many each”
PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech.
We current use the POS tag PART for the word değil “not” when used to negate a non-predicate word
If değil modifies a predicate, it is marked as VERB since it functions as a copula and carries other verbal inflections as well.
PRON: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
In Turkish, some pronouns also function as determiners (e.g., bu
“this”, o “that”),
these words are always marked according to their usage (PRON or
DET).
Examples
- personal pronouns: ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar “I, you, he/she/it, we, you (plural), they”
- reflexive pronoun: kendi, kendisi “oneself”
- demonstrative pronouns: bu, şu, o
- interrogative pronouns: kim, ne “who, what”
- indefinite pronouns: biri, birşey “somebody, something”
- total pronouns: herkes, herşey “everybody, everything”
- negative pronouns: kimse “nobody”
PROPN: proper noun
Definition
A proper noun is a noun (or nominal content word) that is the name (or part of the name) of a specific individual, place, or object.
Note that PROPN is only used for the subclass of nouns that are used
as names and that often exhibit special syntactic properties.
When other phrases or sentences are used as names,
the component words retain their original tags.
For example, in İstanbul Büyük Şehir Belediyesi,
Büyük is ADJ, Şehir and Belediyesi are NOUN.
Acronyms of proper nouns, such as TBMM and NATO, should be tagged PROPN.
Examples
- Ayşe, Ali
- Ankara
- NATO, BM, TBMM
PUNCT: punctuation
Definition
Punctuation marks are non-alphabetical characters and character groups used in many languages to delimit linguistic units in printed text.
Punctuation is not taken to include logograms such as $, %, and §, which are instead tagged as SYM.
Examples
- Period: .
- Comma: ,
- Parentheses: ()
References
SCONJ: subordinating conjunction
Definition
A subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of the other. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent which has the status of a (subordinate) clause.
In Turkish subordinate clauses are mainly formed by suffixation (see the discussion in tr-overview/special-syntax). However, there are a few words that form subordinate clauses, notably ki and diye. The question particle mI (mı/mi/mu/mü) and clitic dA (da/de) may also form subordinate clauses. We also mark the words, such as madem and eğer, that are syntactically and semantically redundant but signal beginning of a subordinate clause.
For coordinating conjunctions, see CONJ.
Examples
- Biliyorum ki gelmeyecek “I know that he will not come”
- Gelmeyecek diye biliiyourm “I know that he will not come”
- Eğer gelmeyecekse söylemeliydi “He should have told if he would not come”.
- Madem gelmeyecekti söylemeliydi “He should have told if he wasn’t coming”.
- Oraya vardın mı, denizi göreceksin “You will see the sea when you arrive there”
- Çok çalıştım da kazandım “I worked hard in order to win” / “I won by working hard”
SYM: symbol
Definition
A symbol is a word-like entity that differs from ordinary words by form, function, or both.
We follow the general/universal definition of SYM.
See u-pos/SYM for details.
VERB: verb
Definition
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause. Verbs are often associated with grammatical categories like tense, mood, aspect and voice, which can either be expressed inflectionally or using auxiliary verbs or particles.
We tag all verbs, including auxiliary and copula use of verbs “ol-“ and “bulun-“ as VERB.
Besides ordinary verb stems, we also mark the non-root inflectional groups that introduce a copular construction, as in Ali evdeydi “Ali was at home”.
Turkish verbs can get a complex set of inflections which assign voice, tense, aspect, mood, negation, person and number. Some feature assignments are ambiguous or non-trivial. See the section on verbal features in tr-overview/specific-syntax.
Examples
- koş, ye “run, eat”
- koştu, yedi “run (past), ate”
- görüştürülmüyorlarmış “they were not allowed to see each other”