iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Pavel dal Petrovi dvě hrušky . \n Pavel gave Petr two pears .
iobj(dal, Petrovi)
iobj(gave, Petr)
However, Czech allows other semantic roles as additional objects. The morphological cs-feat/Case of the objects is dictated by verb valency.
In the following Czech example, the verb takes two arguments, both are nouns in the accusative case. One of them is direct object (patient), the other is indirect (addressee). It is parallel to how the English translation would be annotated (where there is no morphological case marking) and also to verbs of giving (consider a similar sentence, he gave my daughter a class of maths).
On učí mou dceru matematiku . \n He teaches my daughter.Acc maths.Acc .
dobj(učí, matematiku)
iobj(učí, dceru)
dobj(teaches, maths.Acc)
iobj(teaches, daughter.Acc)
In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled dobj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, učit “to teach” can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the dobj:
Učí úvod do logiky . \n He-teaches introduction to logic .
dobj(Učí, úvod)
dobj(He-teaches, introduction)
Učí studenty prvního ročníku . \n He-teaches students of-first year .
dobj(Učí, studenty)
dobj(He-teaches, students)
The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:
Řekla studentům , že dnes večer musí studovat . \n She-told students , that today evening they-needed to-study .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
ccomp(Řekla, musí)
iobj(She-told, students)
ccomp(She-told, they-needed)
Řekla studentům svůj plán . \n She-told students her plan .
iobj(Řekla, studentům)
dobj(Řekla, plán)
iobj(She-told, students)
dobj(She-told, plan)
If there are two or
more objects, one of them should be dobj and the others should be
iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the
most directly affected object (patient).
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
The manual annotation of the PDT does not distinguish direct and indirect objects.
Therefore all non-clausal dependents labeled Obj in PDT are currently labeled dobj
in the converted data, even if it results in two or more direct objects attached to one verb.
In future, the valency lexicon Vallex
could be used to identify the main object.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
8496 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
5114 instances of iobj (60%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.00400188323917.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (4566; 54% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (2658; 31% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (712; 8% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (472; 6% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (61; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (24; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
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1 Mohou moci VERB VB-P---3P-AA--1 Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2 zde zde ADV Db------------- _ 1 advmod _ _
3 porovnat porovnat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Perf|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ _
4 svůj svůj DET P8IS4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 5 det _ LId=svůj-1|LGloss=(přivlast.)
5 vývoj vývoj NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
7 záměry záměr NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 conj _ _
8 se s ADP RV--7---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Ins 10 case _ LId=s-1
9 světovými světový ADJ AAIP7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 10 amod _ _
10 trendy trend NOUN NNIP7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Může moci VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LGloss=(mít_možnost_[něco_dělat])
2 po po ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 3 case _ LId=po-1
3 mně já PRON PP-S6--1------- Case=Loc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 iobj _ _
4 takové takový DET PDIP4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 5 det _ _
5 údaje údaj NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 7 dobj _ _
6 pojišťovna pojišťovna NOUN NNFS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
7 vyžadovat vyžadovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 ? ? PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
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1 LN LN PROPN NNFPX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Pro|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 4 iobj _ LId=LN-1|LGloss=(Lidové_noviny,_deník)
2 to ten PRON PDNS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 dobj _ _
3 včera včera ADV Db------------- _ 4 advmod _ _
4 řekl říci VERB VpYS---XR-AA--- Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
5 místopředseda místopředseda NOUN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 nmod _ _
6 sněmovny sněmovna NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 a a CONJ J^------------- _ 6 cc _ LId=a-1
8 KDU KDU PROPN NNFXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos 6 conj _ SpaceAfter=No|LGloss=(Křesťansko-demokratická_unie)
9 - - PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
10 ČSL ČSL PROPN NNFXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Fem|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos 8 conj _ LId=ČSL-1|LGloss=(Česká_[pův._Čsl.]_strana_lidová)
11 Jan Jan PROPN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Giv|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
12 Kasal Kasal PROPN NNMS1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Sur|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 name _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This relation is universal.
2128 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
1490 instances of iobj (70%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.10056390977444.
The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (1367; 64% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (603; 28% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (88; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (50; 2% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (14; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (5; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances).
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1 Zvýšené zvýšený ADJ AANS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 amod _ LDeriv=zvýšit
2 úsilí úsilí NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ _
3 budeme být AUX VB-P---1F-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 aux _ _
4 věnovat věnovat VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
5 zavádění zavádění NOUN NNNS3-----A---- Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 iobj _ LDeriv=zavádět
6 nových nový ADJ AAIP2----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 7 amod _ _
7 poznatků poznatek NOUN NNIP2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 nmod _ _
8 do do ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 9 case _ LId=do-1
9 praxe praxe NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Dobrý dobrý ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 amod _ _
2 vzhled vzhled NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
3 nám já PRON PP-P3--1------- Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 4 iobj _ _
4 dodává dodávat VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LDeriv=dodat
5 jistotu jistota NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ _
6 a a CONJ J^------------- _ 5 cc _ LId=a-1
7 sebevědomí sebevědomí NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 10 punct _ _
9 které který PRON P4NS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Int,Rel 10 dobj _ _
10 potřebujeme potřebovat VERB VB-P---1P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Různí různý ADJ AAMP1----1A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 2 amod _ _
2 sobci sobec NOUN NNMP1-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _
3 tyto tento DET PDFP4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 4 det _ _
4 věci věc NOUN NNFP4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 dobj _ _
5 přenechávají přenechávat VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ LDeriv=přenechat
6 druhým druhý ADJ AAMP3----1A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No|LId=druhý-1|LGloss=(jiný)
7 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This relation is universal.
38 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
25 instances of iobj (66%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 4.02631578947368.
The following 3 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (29; 76% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (8; 21% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 3% instances).
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1 (1) (1) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
2 Účetní účetní ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 amod _ LId=účetní-1
3 jednotky jednotka NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _
4 mohou moci VERB VB-P---3P-AA--1 Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
5 pověřit pověřit VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 4 xcomp _ _
6 vedením vedení NOUN NNNS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 iobj _ _
7 svého svůj DET P8ZS2---------- Case=Gen|Gender=Masc,Neut|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 8 det _ LId=svůj-1
8 účetnictví účetnictví NOUN NNNS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
9 i i CONJ J^------------- _ 14 advmod:emph _ LId=i-1
10 jinou jiný ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 14 amod _ _
11 právnickou právnický ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 14 amod _ _
12 nebo nebo CONJ J^------------- _ 11 cc _ _
13 fyzickou fyzický ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 conj _ _
14 osobu osoba NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
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1 (5) (5) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 7 punct _ _
2 Účetní účetní ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 amod _ LId=účetní-1
3 jednotky jednotka NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 7 nsubj _ _
4 uvedené uvedený ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 amod _ _
5 v v ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 6 case _ LId=v-1
6 §_20_odst._1_písm._e) §_20_odst._1_písm._e) X X@------------- _ 4 advmod _ _
7 vyhotovují vyhotovovat VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
8 výroční výroční ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 zprávu zpráva NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 7 dobj _ _
10 nebo nebo CONJ J^------------- _ 9 cc _ _
11 obdobný obdobný ADJ AAIS4----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 12 amod _ _
12 dokument dokument NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 18 punct _ _
14 pokud pokud SCONJ J,------------- _ 18 mark _ _
15 jim on PRON PPXP3--3------- Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 iobj _ LId=on-1
16 tuto tuto ADV Db------------- _ 17 advmod _ _
17 povinnost povinnost NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 18 dobj _ _
18 stanoví stanovit VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 advcl _ _
19 zvláštní zvláštní ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 21 amod _ _
20 právní právní ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 21 amod _ _
21 předpis předpis NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
22 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 7 punct _ _
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# visual-style 18 23 iobj color:blue
1 (2) (2) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 14 punct _ _
2 Zjistí-li Zjistí-li NOUN NNNXX-----A---- Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos 14 nmod _ _
3 účetní účetní ADJ AAFS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ LId=účetní-1
4 jednotka jednotka NOUN NNFS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 10 punct _ _
6 že že SCONJ J,------------- _ 10 mark _ _
7 obsah obsah NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ _
8 účetního účetní ADJ AAIS2----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 amod _ LId=účetní-1
9 záznamu záznam NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 7 nmod _ _
10 neodpovídá odpovídat VERB VB-S---3P-NA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 ccomp _ _
11 skutečnosti skutečnost NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 10 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
12 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 10 punct _ _
13 je být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 14 cop _ _
14 povinna povinný ADJ ACQW------A---- Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Variant=Short 0 root _ _
15 od od ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 17 case _ LId=od-1
16 tohoto tento DET PDZS2---------- Case=Gen|Gender=Masc,Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 17 det _ _
17 okamžiku okamžik NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 18 nmod _ _
18 považovat považovat VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 14 xcomp _ _
19 tento tento DET PDIS4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 21 det _ _
20 účetní účetní ADJ AAIS4----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 21 amod _ LId=účetní-1
21 záznam záznam NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 18 dobj _ _
22 za za ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 23 case _ LId=za-1
23 neprůkazný průkazný ADJ AAIS4----1N---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing 18 iobj _ SpaceAfter=No
24 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 26 punct _ _
25 byť byť SCONJ J,------------- _ 26 mark _ _
26 splňuje splňovat VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 18 advcl _ _
27 ustanovení ustanovení NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 26 dobj _ _
28 odstavce odstavec NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 27 nmod _ _
29 1 1 NUM C}------------- NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card 28 nummod _ _
30 písm._b)_a_c) písm._b)_a_c) X X@------------- _ 29 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
31 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 14 punct _ _
iobj in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]