xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a
predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The
reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument
external to the xcomp (normally by the subject of the next higher
clause). This is often referred to as obligatory control.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are
complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than
adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is
borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
Nechceš si zaplavat ? \n Don't-you-want yourself to-swim ?
xcomp(Nechceš, zaplavat)
xcomp(Don't-you-want, to-swim)
Začal jsem tam pracovat včera . \n Started I-have there to-work yesterday .
xcomp(Začal, pracovat)
xcomp(Started, to-work)
Note that the above condition “without its own subject” does not mean that a
clause is an xcomp just because its subject is not overt.
The subject must be necessarily inherited from a fixed position in the higher clause.
That is, there should be no available interpretation where the subject of the lower clause may be distinct
from the specified role of the upper clause.
In cases where the missing subject may or must be distinct from a fixed role in the higher clause,
ccomp should be used instead, as below. This includes cases of arbitrary subjects and anaphoric control.
Šéf nařídil vykopat příkop . \n Boss ordered to-dig ditch .
ccomp(nařídil, vykopat)
ccomp(ordered, to-dig)
Pro-drop languages have clauses where the subject is not present as a separate word,
yet it is inherently present (and often deducible from the form of the verb)
and it does not depend on arguments from a higher clause.
Thus in neither of the following two Czech examples is there any overt subject,
yet only the second example contains an xcomp.
Píšu , protože jsem to slíbil . \n I-write , because I-have it promised .
advcl(Píšu, slíbil)
advcl(I-write, promised)
Slíbil jsem psát . \n Promised I-have to-write .
xcomp(Slíbil, psát)
xcomp(Promised, to-write)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
18437 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
17023 instances of xcomp (92%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.51402071920594.
The following 47 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (13578; 74% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (727; 4% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (705; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (673; 4% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (555; 3% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (323; 2% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (276; 1% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PRON (276; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NOUN (236; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NOUN (183; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/PRON (148; 1% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (145; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADJ (137; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/ADJ (87; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PRON (77; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (37; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (33; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (30; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NUM (29; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/VERB (22; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/VERB (21; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/PRON (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/NOUN (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PROPN (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (12; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADJ (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NUM (10; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NUM (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/ADJ (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/PROPN (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADV (5; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PROPN (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 3 xcomp color:blue
1 Potřebujete potřebovat VERB VB-P---2P-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 rychle rychle ADV Dg-------1A---- Degree=Pos|Negative=Pos 3 advmod _ LDeriv=rychlý
3 poradit poradit VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
4 ? ? PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 10 xcomp color:blue
1 * * PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ _
2 Ale ale CONJ J^------------- _ 8 cc _ _
3 vyučení vyučení NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No|LDeriv=vyučit
4 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 3 punct _ _
5 či či CONJ J^------------- _ 3 cc _ _
6 přeškolení přeškolení NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 conj _ LDeriv=přeškolit
7 by být AUX Vc------------- Mood=Cnd|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _
8 mělo mít VERB VpNS---XR-AA--- Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
9 být být VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 10 cop _ _
10 zárukou záruka NOUN NNFS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 xcomp _ _
11 kvalifikace kvalifikace NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 10 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 7 xcomp color:blue
1 Proces proces NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
2 nevidí vidět VERB VB-S---3P-NA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 jako jako SCONJ J,------------- _ 7 mark _ _
4 krátkodobou krátkodobý ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
5 či či CONJ J^------------- _ 4 cc _ _
6 střednědobou střednědobý ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 conj _ _
7 záležitost záležitost NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 2 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This relation is universal.
5475 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
5089 instances of xcomp (93%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.64511415525114.
The following 42 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (3590; 66% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (509; 9% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (226; 4% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (213; 4% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (171; 3% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PRON (124; 2% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (124; 2% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (90; 2% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NOUN (88; 2% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/PRON (77; 1% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (45; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NOUN (36; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADJ (26; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (20; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/PRON (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NUM (13; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/VERB (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PRON (9; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/VERB (9; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/ADJ (8; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/PROPN (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NUM (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/NOUN (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 9 xcomp color:blue
1 Protože protože SCONJ J,------------- _ 8 mark _ _
2 bez bez ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 3 case _ LId=bez-1
3 železnice železnice NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _
4 bychom být AUX Vc-P---1------- Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _
5 si se PRON P7-X3---------- Case=Dat|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short 9 expl _ LGloss=(zvr._zájmeno/částice)
6 život život NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 dobj _ _
7 vůbec vůbec ADV Db------------- _ 8 advmod _ _
8 nedovedli dovést VERB VpMP---XR-NA--- Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
9 představit představit VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Perf|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 8 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No|LGloss=(si_něco;_něco/někoho_někomu)
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 6 xcomp color:blue
1 Bylo být AUX VpNS---XR-AA--- Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 2 auxpass _ _
2 rozhodnuto rozhodnout VERB VsNS---XX-AP--- Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
3 zahájit zahájit VERB Vf--------A---- Aspect=Perf|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 2 csubjpass _ _
4 jako jako SCONJ J,------------- _ 6 aux _ _
5 další další ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 akci akce NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 7 xcomp _ _
7 výstavbu výstavba NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 4 xcomp color:blue
1 Uplatnit uplatnit VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
2 jako jako SCONJ J,------------- _ 4 mark _ _
3 skrytou skrytý ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ LDeriv=skrýt
4 závadu závada NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
5 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 1 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This relation is universal.
281 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
275 instances of xcomp (98%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.58718861209964.
The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (123; 44% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (76; 27% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (31; 11% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (13; 5% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (8; 3% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/NOUN (7; 2% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADJ (7; 2% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/PRON (3; 1% instances), cs-pos/X-cs-pos/VERB (3; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (2; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 4 xcomp color:blue
1 Stanovená stanovený ADJ AAFS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 amod _ _
2 doba doba NOUN NNFS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
3 nesmí smět VERB VB-S---3P-NA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
4 přesáhnout přesáhnout VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _
5 účetní účetní ADJ AANS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ LId=účetní-1
6 období období NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
7 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 6 xcomp color:blue
1 (13) (13) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
2 Účetní účetní ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 amod _ LId=účetní-1
3 jednotky jednotka NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _
4 jsou být VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _
5 povinny povinný ADJ ACTP------A---- Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Variant=Short 0 root _ _
6 vést vést VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 5 xcomp _ LId=vést-1
7 účetnictví účetnictví NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 dobj _ _
8 v v ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 10 case _ LId=v-1
9 českém český ADJ AAIS6----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 10 amod _ _
10 jazyce jazyk NOUN NNIS6-----A---1 Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
# visual-style 13 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 13 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 13 xcomp color:blue
1 (9) (9) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
2 Účetní účetní ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 amod _ LId=účetní-1
3 jednotky jednotka NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _
4 jsou být VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _
5 povinny povinný ADJ ACTP------A---- Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Variant=Short 0 root _ _
6 vést vést VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 5 xcomp _ LId=vést-1
7 jedno jeden NUM ClNS4---------- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Card|NumValue=1,2,3 8 nummod _ _
8 účetnictví účetnictví NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 dobj _ _
9 za za ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 11 case _ LId=za-1
10 účetní účetní ADJ AAFS4----1A---- Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 amod _ LId=účetní-1
11 jednotku jednotka NOUN NNFS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
12 jako jako SCONJ J,------------- _ 13 mark _ _
13 celek celek NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 11 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]