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xcomp: open clausal complement

An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
He says that you like to swim
xcomp(like, swim)
{
    "text": "He says that you like to swim ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 25, 29 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T7" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
Sue asked George to respond to her offer
xcomp(asked, respond)
{
    "text": "Sue asked George to respond to her offer ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 28, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 35, 40 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

I consider him a fool
xcomp(consider, fool)

I consider him honest
xcomp(consider, honest)

She looks very beautiful
xcomp(looks, beautiful)

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_English)

This relation is universal.

3571 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

3560 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 2.41332959955195.

The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: VERB-VERB (2341; 66% instances), VERB-ADJ (655; 18% instances), ADJ-VERB (235; 7% instances), VERB-NOUN (187; 5% instances), VERB-PROPN (66; 2% instances), VERB-ADV (24; 1% instances), VERB-PART (13; 0% instances), VERB-NUM (9; 0% instances), VERB-PRON (7; 0% instances), ADV-VERB (5; 0% instances), AUX-VERB (5; 0% instances), ADJ-PART (4; 0% instances), ADJ-ADJ (3; 0% instances), ADJ-NOUN (3; 0% instances), VERB-DET (3; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (2; 0% instances), AUX-ADJ (1; 0% instances), NOUN-VERB (1; 0% instances), NUM-VERB (1; 0% instances), PRON-NOUN (1; 0% instances), PROPN-X (1; 0% instances), SYM-VERB (1; 0% instances), VERB-ADP (1; 0% instances), VERB-AUX (1; 0% instances), VERB-SYM (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 13	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 13	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 13 xcomp	color:blue
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	mark	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	dobj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	their	they	PRON	PRP$	Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	prophet	prophet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	die	die	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_

# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 8 xcomp	color:blue
1	i	i	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	tonight	tonight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod:tmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
7	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux	_	_
8	wasted	wasted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
9	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	anyone	anyone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	interested	interested	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 9 xcomp	color:blue
1	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
3	weekend	weekend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:tmod	_	_
4	i	i	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	be	be	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
7	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	rock	rock	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)

This relation is universal.

2317 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

2310 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 2.1739318083729.

The following 22 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: VERB-VERB (1727; 75% instances), VERB-ADJ (313; 14% instances), ADJ-VERB (153; 7% instances), VERB-NOUN (56; 2% instances), NOUN-VERB (13; 1% instances), VERB-PROPN (11; 0% instances), VERB-ADV (8; 0% instances), AUX-VERB (7; 0% instances), ADJ-ADJ (4; 0% instances), ADJ-NOUN (3; 0% instances), ADV-VERB (3; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (3; 0% instances), VERB-NUM (3; 0% instances), VERB-PART (3; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (2; 0% instances), VERB-PRON (2; 0% instances), ADV-ADJ (1; 0% instances), AUX-ADJ (1; 0% instances), NUM-VERB (1; 0% instances), PRON-ADJ (1; 0% instances), VERB-DET (1; 0% instances), VERB-INTJ (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 14	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14	fgColor:white
# visual-style 12	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12	fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 14 xcomp	color:blue
1	_	_	PRON	EX	_	2	expl	_	_
2	_	_	VERB	VBZ	_	0	root	_	_
3	_	_	DET	DT	_	5	det	_	_
4	_	_	ADJ	JJ	_	5	amod	_	_
5	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	2	nsubj	_	_
6	_	_	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	_	_	VERB	VB	_	5	acl	_	_
8	_	_	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	_	_	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	_	_	DET	DT	_	11	det	_	_
11	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	12	nsubj	_	_
12	_	_	VERB	VBP	_	2	advcl	_	_
13	_	_	PART	RB	_	12	neg	_	_
14	_	_	VERB	VB	_	12	xcomp	_	_
15	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	14	dobj	_	_
16	_	_	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_

# visual-style 15	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 15	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 15 xcomp	color:blue
1	_	_	DET	DT	_	3	det	_	_
2	_	_	ADJ	JJ	_	3	amod	_	_
3	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	4	nsubj	_	_
4	_	_	VERB	VBD	_	0	root	_	_
5	_	_	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	_	_	DET	DT	_	8	det	_	_
7	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	8	compound	_	_
8	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	4	nmod	_	_
9	_	_	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	_	_	PRON	EX	_	11	expl	_	_
11	_	_	VERB	VBD	_	4	advcl	_	_
12	_	_	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	_	_	DET	DT	_	14	neg	_	_
14	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	11	nsubj	_	_
15	_	_	ADJ	JJ	_	11	xcomp	_	_
16	_	_	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 6 xcomp	color:blue
1	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	4	nsubj	_	_
2	_	_	AUX	MD	_	4	aux	_	_
3	_	_	VERB	VB	_	4	cop	_	_
4	_	_	ADJ	JJ	_	0	root	_	_
5	_	_	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	_	_	VERB	VB	_	4	xcomp	_	_
7	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	6	dobj	_	_
8	_	_	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	_	_	DET	DT	_	10	det	_	_
10	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	6	nmod	_	_
11	_	_	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)

This relation is universal.

1276 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.

1198 instances of xcomp (94%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 3.32836990595611.

The following 19 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: VERB-VERB (782; 61% instances), VERB-ADJ (327; 26% instances), VERB-NOUN (104; 8% instances), VERB-PRON (19; 1% instances), AUX-VERB (14; 1% instances), VERB-PROPN (9; 1% instances), ADJ-VERB (5; 0% instances), VERB-NUM (3; 0% instances), NOUN-VERB (2; 0% instances), VERB-AUX (2; 0% instances), ADJ-PROPN (1; 0% instances), ADV-NOUN (1; 0% instances), AUX-ADJ (1; 0% instances), NOUN-NOUN (1; 0% instances), NOUN-PRON (1; 0% instances), PRON-AUX (1; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (1; 0% instances), PUNCT-NOUN (1; 0% instances), VERB-ADV (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 7 xcomp	color:blue
1	Select	_	VERB	IMP	_	0	root	_	_
2	the	_	DET	DEF	_	3	det	_	_
3	line	_	NOUN	SG	_	1	dobj	_	_
4	you	_	PRON	PERS-P2	_	5	nsubj	_	_
5	want	_	VERB	PRES	_	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	to	_	PART	_	_	7	mark	_	_
7	copy	_	VERB	INF	_	5	xcomp	_	_
8	and	_	CONJ	_	_	7	cc	_	_
9	press	_	VERB	INF	_	7	conj	_	_
10	CTRL	_	PROPN	SG	_	9	dobj	_	_
11	–	_	PUNCT	Dash	_	1	punct	_	_
12	C	_	PROPN	SG	_	10	nmod	_	_
13	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 8 xcomp	color:blue
1	But	_	CONJ	_	_	2	cc	_	_
2	no	_	INTJ	_	_	7	discourse	_	_
3	,	_	PUNCT	Comma	_	2	punct	_	_
4	that	_	PRON	DEM-SG	_	7	nsubj	_	_
5	did	_	AUX	PAST-AUX	_	7	aux	_	_
6	not	_	PART	NEG	_	7	neg	_	_
7	seem	_	VERB	INF	_	0	root	_	_
8	possible	_	ADJ	POS	_	7	xcomp	_	_
9	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	7	punct	_	_

# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 6 xcomp	color:blue
1	Maybe	_	ADV	_	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	I	_	PRON	PERS-P1SG-NOM	_	3	nsubj	_	_
3	make	_	VERB	PRES	_	0	root	_	_
4	you	_	PRON	PERS-P2	_	3	dobj	_	_
5	the	_	DET	DEF	_	6	det	_	_
6	manager	_	NOUN	SG	_	3	xcomp	_	_
7	,	_	PUNCT	Comma	_	3	punct	_	_
8	said	_	VERB	PAST	_	3	parataxis	_	_
9	the	_	DET	DEF	_	10	det	_	_
10	counterman	_	NOUN	SG	_	8	nsubj	_	_
11	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	3	punct	_	_

---

xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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