xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
He says that you like to swim
xcomp(like, swim)
Sue asked George to respond to her offer
xcomp(asked, respond)
I consider him a fool
xcomp(consider, fool)
I consider him honest
xcomp(consider, honest)
She looks very beautiful
xcomp(looks, beautiful)
Treebank Statistics (UD_English)
This relation is universal.
3571 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
3560 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.41332959955195.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (2341; 66% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (655; 18% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (235; 7% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (187; 5% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (66; 2% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (24; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PART (13; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (9; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (7; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/DET (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/X (1; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 13 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 13 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 13 xcomp color:blue
1 When when ADV WRB PronType=Int 3 mark _ _
2 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
3 saw see VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 advcl _ _
4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 cartoon cartoon NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 dobj _ _
6 of of ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
7 their they PRON PRP$ Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 prophet prophet NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _
10 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _
11 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
12 to to PART TO _ 13 mark _ _
13 die die VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 8 xcomp color:blue
1 i i PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
2 am be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux _ _
3 going go VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 0 root _ _
4 out out ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _
5 tonight tonight NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 nmod:tmod _ _
6 to to PART TO _ 8 mark _ _
7 get get VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 8 aux _ _
8 wasted wasted ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 xcomp _ _
9 if if SCONJ IN _ 12 mark _ _
10 anyone anyone NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _
11 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _
12 interested interested ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 9 xcomp color:blue
1 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
2 following follow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 3 amod _ _
3 weekend weekend NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nmod:tmod _ _
4 i i PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ _
5 will will AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _
6 be be VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 7 cop _ _
7 ready ready ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _
8 to to PART TO _ 9 mark _ _
9 rock rock VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 7 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)
This relation is universal.
2317 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
2310 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.1739318083729.
The following 22 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (1727; 75% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (313; 14% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (153; 7% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (56; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (13; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (11; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (8; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/VERB (7; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PART (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 14 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 14 xcomp color:blue
1 _ _ PRON EX _ 2 expl _ _
2 _ _ VERB VBZ _ 0 root _ _
3 _ _ DET DT _ 5 det _ _
4 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 5 amod _ _
5 _ _ NOUN NN _ 2 nsubj _ _
6 _ _ PART TO _ 7 mark _ _
7 _ _ VERB VB _ 5 acl _ _
8 _ _ ADV RB _ 7 advmod _ _
9 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 12 mark _ _
10 _ _ DET DT _ 11 det _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 12 nsubj _ _
12 _ _ VERB VBP _ 2 advcl _ _
13 _ _ PART RB _ 12 neg _ _
14 _ _ VERB VB _ 12 xcomp _ _
15 _ _ NOUN NN _ 14 dobj _ _
16 _ _ PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 15 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 15 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 15 xcomp color:blue
1 _ _ DET DT _ 3 det _ _
2 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 3 amod _ _
3 _ _ NOUN NN _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 _ _ VERB VBD _ 0 root _ _
5 _ _ ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
6 _ _ DET DT _ 8 det _ _
7 _ _ NOUN NN _ 8 compound _ _
8 _ _ NOUN NN _ 4 nmod _ _
9 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 11 mark _ _
10 _ _ PRON EX _ 11 expl _ _
11 _ _ VERB VBD _ 4 advcl _ _
12 _ _ ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _
13 _ _ DET DT _ 14 neg _ _
14 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 11 nsubj _ _
15 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 11 xcomp _ _
16 _ _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 6 xcomp color:blue
1 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 4 nsubj _ _
2 _ _ AUX MD _ 4 aux _ _
3 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 cop _ _
4 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 0 root _ _
5 _ _ PART TO _ 6 mark _ _
6 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 xcomp _ _
7 _ _ PRON PRP _ 6 dobj _ _
8 _ _ ADP IN _ 10 case _ _
9 _ _ DET DT _ 10 det _ _
10 _ _ NOUN NN _ 6 nmod _ _
11 _ _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)
This relation is universal.
1276 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
1198 instances of xcomp (94%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.32836990595611.
The following 19 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (782; 61% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADJ (327; 26% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NOUN (104; 8% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PRON (19; 1% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/VERB (14; 1% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/PROPN (9; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/NUM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PUNCT-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 7 xcomp color:blue
1 Select _ VERB IMP _ 0 root _ _
2 the _ DET DEF _ 3 det _ _
3 line _ NOUN SG _ 1 dobj _ _
4 you _ PRON PERS-P2 _ 5 nsubj _ _
5 want _ VERB PRES _ 3 acl:relcl _ _
6 to _ PART _ _ 7 mark _ _
7 copy _ VERB INF _ 5 xcomp _ _
8 and _ CONJ _ _ 7 cc _ _
9 press _ VERB INF _ 7 conj _ _
10 CTRL _ PROPN SG _ 9 dobj _ _
11 – _ PUNCT Dash _ 1 punct _ _
12 C _ PROPN SG _ 10 nmod _ _
13 . _ PUNCT Period _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 8 xcomp color:blue
1 But _ CONJ _ _ 2 cc _ _
2 no _ INTJ _ _ 7 discourse _ _
3 , _ PUNCT Comma _ 2 punct _ _
4 that _ PRON DEM-SG _ 7 nsubj _ _
5 did _ AUX PAST-AUX _ 7 aux _ _
6 not _ PART NEG _ 7 neg _ _
7 seem _ VERB INF _ 0 root _ _
8 possible _ ADJ POS _ 7 xcomp _ _
9 . _ PUNCT Period _ 7 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 6 xcomp color:blue
1 Maybe _ ADV _ _ 3 advmod _ _
2 I _ PRON PERS-P1SG-NOM _ 3 nsubj _ _
3 make _ VERB PRES _ 0 root _ _
4 you _ PRON PERS-P2 _ 3 dobj _ _
5 the _ DET DEF _ 6 det _ _
6 manager _ NOUN SG _ 3 xcomp _ _
7 , _ PUNCT Comma _ 3 punct _ _
8 said _ VERB PAST _ 3 parataxis _ _
9 the _ DET DEF _ 10 det _ _
10 counterman _ NOUN SG _ 8 nsubj _ _
11 . _ PUNCT Period _ 3 punct _ _
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]