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case: case marking

The case relation is used for any preposition in English. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages. In English, subordinating conjunctions introducing clauses are often in the form of prepositions. However, they are given a different dependency: The relation mark is used for markers in an “extended clausal projection”.

The case relation is also used for the possessive clitic ‘s in English, which we separate from what it modifies, because it acts as a phrasal clitic, as shown in the last example.

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
I saw a cat in a hat
case(hat, in)
{
    "text": "I saw a cat in a hat ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 15, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 17, 20 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
I saw a cat with a telescope
case(telescope, with)
{
    "text": "I saw a cat with a telescope ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 12, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 19, 28 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

He is responsible for meals
case(meals, for)

The school 's grounds
case(school, 's)

The head of school 's speech
case(head, 's)
case(school, of)
nmod(speech, head)

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_English)

This relation is universal.

21439 nodes (8%) are attached to their parents as case.

20541 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 2.03960072764588.

The following 56 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: NOUN-ADP (13829; 65% instances), PROPN-ADP (3924; 18% instances), PRON-ADP (1203; 6% instances), PROPN-PART (557; 3% instances), NUM-ADP (458; 2% instances), NOUN-PART (277; 1% instances), ADJ-ADP (244; 1% instances), NOUN-VERB (178; 1% instances), ADV-ADP (114; 1% instances), DET-ADP (100; 0% instances), NUM-SYM (84; 0% instances), ADV-ADV (82; 0% instances), SYM-ADP (77; 0% instances), PRON-SCONJ (65; 0% instances), X-ADP (44; 0% instances), PROPN-VERB (31; 0% instances), NOUN-SYM (26; 0% instances), NOUN-ADV (22; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (21; 0% instances), PROPN-ADJ (15; 0% instances), NOUN-SCONJ (11; 0% instances), ADV-SCONJ (7; 0% instances), ADJ-SCONJ (6; 0% instances), NOUN-NOUN (4; 0% instances), NOUN-X (4; 0% instances), NUM-ADV (4; 0% instances), NUM-PUNCT (4; 0% instances), PRON-PART (4; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (4; 0% instances), NUM-ADJ (3; 0% instances), PROPN-ADV (3; 0% instances), PROPN-SYM (3; 0% instances), SYM-SYM (3; 0% instances), ADP-ADP (2; 0% instances), INTJ-ADP (2; 0% instances), NOUN-PUNCT (2; 0% instances), NUM-NUM (2; 0% instances), PROPN-SCONJ (2; 0% instances), ADJ-ADJ (1; 0% instances), ADJ-ADV (1; 0% instances), ADJ-PART (1; 0% instances), ADJ-SYM (1; 0% instances), CONJ-ADP (1; 0% instances), DET-SCONJ (1; 0% instances), DET-VERB (1; 0% instances), NOUN-CONJ (1; 0% instances), NOUN-DET (1; 0% instances), NOUN-PRON (1; 0% instances), NOUN-PROPN (1; 0% instances), NUM-NOUN (1; 0% instances), NUM-PART (1; 0% instances), PRON-ADJ (1; 0% instances), PROPN-INTJ (1; 0% instances), PROPN-PROPN (1; 0% instances), VERB-ADP (1; 0% instances), X-X (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 5 case	color:blue
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fired	fire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
10	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	advcl	_	_
11	4	4	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	10	dobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 1 case	color:blue
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	AP	AP	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
4	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 7 6 case	color:blue
1	max	max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CONJ	CC	_	1	cc	_	_
3	jen	jen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)

This relation is universal.

8356 nodes (9%) are attached to their parents as case.

8168 instances of case (98%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.81534226902824.

The following 38 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: NOUN-ADP (6076; 73% instances), PRON-ADP (694; 8% instances), PROPN-ADP (687; 8% instances), DET-ADP (287; 3% instances), NUM-ADP (158; 2% instances), NOUN-PART (123; 1% instances), ADJ-ADP (60; 1% instances), NOUN-VERB (48; 1% instances), ADV-ADP (46; 1% instances), PROPN-PART (39; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (27; 0% instances), VERB-ADP (23; 0% instances), NOUN-ADV (16; 0% instances), ADV-ADV (12; 0% instances), PROPN-PROPN (8; 0% instances), SYM-ADP (7; 0% instances), NOUN-DET (6; 0% instances), NOUN-SCONJ (4; 0% instances), NUM-ADV (4; 0% instances), PRON-ADV (4; 0% instances), PRON-PART (4; 0% instances), PROPN-ADV (4; 0% instances), ADJ-SCONJ (2; 0% instances), INTJ-ADP (2; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (2; 0% instances), ADJ-PART (1; 0% instances), ADJ-VERB (1; 0% instances), ADP-ADP (1; 0% instances), ADP-ADV (1; 0% instances), AUX-ADP (1; 0% instances), DET-PART (1; 0% instances), DET-VERB (1; 0% instances), NOUN-NOUN (1; 0% instances), NUM-SYM (1; 0% instances), PRON-ADJ (1; 0% instances), PRON-SCONJ (1; 0% instances), VERB-VERB (1; 0% instances), X-ADP (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 11 10 case	color:blue
1	_	_	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	_	_	DET	DT	_	3	det	_	_
3	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	4	nsubj	_	_
4	_	_	VERB	VBD	_	7	advcl	_	_
5	_	_	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	7	nsubj	_	_
7	_	_	VERB	VBD	_	0	root	_	_
8	_	_	DET	DT	_	9	det	_	_
9	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	7	dobj	_	_
10	_	_	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	7	nmod	_	_
12	_	_	CONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
13	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	14	nsubj	_	_
14	_	_	VERB	VBD	_	7	conj	_	_
15	_	_	DET	DT	_	16	det	_	_
16	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	14	dobj	_	_
17	_	_	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	14	nmod	_	_
19	_	_	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_

# visual-style 16	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16	fgColor:white
# visual-style 17	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 17	fgColor:white
# visual-style 17 16 case	color:blue
1	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	4	nsubj	_	_
2	_	_	AUX	MD	_	4	aux	_	_
3	_	_	VERB	VB	_	4	cop	_	_
4	_	_	ADJ	JJ	_	0	root	_	_
5	_	_	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	_	_	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	9	nsubj	_	_
8	_	_	AUX	MD	_	9	aux	_	_
9	_	_	VERB	VB	_	4	advcl	_	_
10	_	_	DET	PRP$	_	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	9	dobj	_	_
12	_	_	CONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
13	_	_	VERB	VB	_	4	conj	_	_
14	_	_	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	_	_	VERB	VBG	_	13	xcomp	_	_
16	_	_	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	15	nmod	_	_
18	_	_	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
19	_	_	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 14	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 14	fgColor:white
# visual-style 15	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 15	fgColor:white
# visual-style 15 14 case	color:blue
1	_	_	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	_	_	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	5	nsubj	_	_
4	_	_	AUX	MD	_	5	aux	_	_
5	_	_	VERB	VB	_	0	root	_	_
6	_	_	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	_	_	VERB	VB	_	5	xcomp	_	_
8	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	7	dobj	_	_
9	_	_	ADV	WRB	_	7	ccomp	_	_
10	_	_	DET	DT	_	11	det	_	_
11	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	9	nsubj	_	_
12	_	_	AUX	MD	_	9	aux	_	_
13	_	_	VERB	VB	_	9	cop	_	_
14	_	_	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	_	_	PROPN	NNP	_	9	nmod	_	_
16	_	_	CONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
17	_	_	DET	WDT	_	18	det	_	_
18	_	_	NOUN	NN	_	22	dobj	_	_
19	_	_	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	_	_	NOUN	NNS	_	18	nmod	_	_
21	_	_	PRON	PRP	_	22	nsubj	_	_
22	_	_	VERB	VBP	_	13	conj	_	_
23	_	_	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	_	_	VERB	VB	_	22	xcomp	_	_
25	_	_	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)

This relation is universal.

8276 nodes (10%) are attached to their parents as case.

7905 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.98477525374577.

The following 26 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: NOUN-ADP (5976; 72% instances), PRON-ADP (733; 9% instances), PROPN-ADP (570; 7% instances), VERB-ADP (340; 4% instances), PROPN-PART (185; 2% instances), ADJ-ADP (135; 2% instances), NOUN-PART (134; 2% instances), NUM-ADP (91; 1% instances), ADV-ADP (47; 1% instances), NOUN-ADV (15; 0% instances), ADP-ADP (12; 0% instances), AUX-ADP (10; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (6; 0% instances), PRON-PART (4; 0% instances), PROPN-ADJ (3; 0% instances), SYM-ADP (3; 0% instances), PRON-ADV (2; 0% instances), X-ADP (2; 0% instances), ADJ-ADV (1; 0% instances), NOUN-SCONJ (1; 0% instances), NOUN-VERB (1; 0% instances), NUM-ADJ (1; 0% instances), PART-ADP (1; 0% instances), PRON-SCONJ (1; 0% instances), PROPN-ADV (1; 0% instances), VERB-ADV (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 1 case	color:blue
1	About	_	ADP	_	_	5	case	_	_
2	ANSI	_	PROPN	SG	_	5	name	_	_
3	SQL	_	PROPN	SG	_	2	name	_	_
4	query	_	NOUN	SG	_	5	compound	_	_
5	mode	_	NOUN	_	_	0	root	_	_

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 5 case	color:blue
1	Conditional	_	ADJ	POS	_	2	amod	_	_
2	filters	_	NOUN	PL	_	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	_	VERB	PRES	_	4	cop	_	_
4	independent	_	ADJ	POS	_	0	root	_	_
5	of	_	ADP	_	_	6	case	_	_
6	each	_	PRON	RCP-SG-ACC	_	4	nmod	_	_
7	other	_	PRON	RCP-SG-ACC	_	6	mwe	_	_
8	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 12	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12	fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 11 case	color:blue
1	He	_	PRON	PERS-P3SG-NOM	_	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	_	VERB	PAST	_	0	root	_	_
3	there	_	ADV	_	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	dumbly	_	ADV	_	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	in	_	ADP	_	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	_	PRON	P3SG-GEN	_	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	seat	_	NOUN	SG	_	2	nmod	_	_
8	,	_	PUNCT	Comma	_	9	punct	_	_
9	looking	_	VERB	ING	_	2	advcl	_	_
10	back	_	ADV	_	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	at	_	ADP	_	_	12	case	_	_
12	Stillman	_	PROPN	SG	_	9	nmod	_	_
13	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	2	punct	_	_

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