case: case marking
The case relation is used for any preposition in English. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages. In English, subordinating conjunctions introducing clauses are often in the form of prepositions. However, they are given a different dependency: The relation mark is used for markers in an “extended clausal projection”.
The case relation is also used for the possessive clitic ‘s in English, which we separate from what it modifies, because it acts as a phrasal clitic, as shown in the last example.
I saw a cat in a hat
case(hat, in)
I saw a cat with a telescope
case(telescope, with)
He is responsible for meals
case(meals, for)
The school 's grounds
case(school, 's)
The head of school 's speech
case(head, 's)
case(school, of)
nmod(speech, head)
Treebank Statistics (UD_English)
This relation is universal.
21439 nodes (8%) are attached to their parents as case.
20541 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.03960072764588.
The following 56 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (13829; 65% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (3924; 18% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (1203; 6% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (557; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (458; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (277; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (244; 1% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (178; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (114; 1% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/ADP (100; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/SYM (84; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADV (82; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (77; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/SCONJ (65; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (44; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/VERB (31; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SYM (26; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (22; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (21; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADJ (15; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (11; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/SCONJ (7; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SCONJ (6; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/X (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PUNCT (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PUNCT (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), en-pos/CONJ-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
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1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
2 US US PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 compound _ _
3 troops troops NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _
4 fired fire VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 into into ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
7 hostile hostile ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _
8 crowd crowd NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _
10 killing kill VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 4 advcl _ _
11 4 4 NUM CD NumType=Card 10 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
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1 From from ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 AP AP PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
4 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 6 det _ _
6 story story NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
7 : : PUNCT : _ 4 punct _ _
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1 max max PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
2 and and CONJ CC _ 1 cc _ _
3 jen jen PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 conj _ _
4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _
5 looking look VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
6 for for ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
7 you you PRON PRP Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-ESL)
This relation is universal.
8356 nodes (9%) are attached to their parents as case.
8168 instances of case (98%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.81534226902824.
The following 38 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (6076; 73% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (694; 8% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (687; 8% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/ADP (287; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (158; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (123; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (60; 1% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (48; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (46; 1% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (39; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (27; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (23; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (16; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADV (12; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PROPN (8; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (7; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/DET (6; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
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1 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 4 mark _ _
2 _ _ DET DT _ 3 det _ _
3 _ _ NOUN NN _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 _ _ VERB VBD _ 7 advcl _ _
5 _ _ PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _
6 _ _ PRON PRP _ 7 nsubj _ _
7 _ _ VERB VBD _ 0 root _ _
8 _ _ DET DT _ 9 det _ _
9 _ _ NOUN NN _ 7 dobj _ _
10 _ _ ADP IN _ 11 case _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 7 nmod _ _
12 _ _ CONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _
13 _ _ PRON PRP _ 14 nsubj _ _
14 _ _ VERB VBD _ 7 conj _ _
15 _ _ DET DT _ 16 det _ _
16 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 14 dobj _ _
17 _ _ ADP IN _ 18 case _ _
18 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 14 nmod _ _
19 _ _ PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
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1 _ _ PRON PRP _ 4 nsubj _ _
2 _ _ AUX MD _ 4 aux _ _
3 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 cop _ _
4 _ _ ADJ JJ _ 0 root _ _
5 _ _ PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _
6 _ _ SCONJ IN _ 9 mark _ _
7 _ _ PRON PRP _ 9 nsubj _ _
8 _ _ AUX MD _ 9 aux _ _
9 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 advcl _ _
10 _ _ DET PRP$ _ 11 nmod:poss _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NN _ 9 dobj _ _
12 _ _ CONJ CC _ 4 cc _ _
13 _ _ VERB VB _ 4 conj _ _
14 _ _ PART TO _ 15 mark _ _
15 _ _ VERB VBG _ 13 xcomp _ _
16 _ _ ADP IN _ 17 case _ _
17 _ _ PRON PRP _ 15 nmod _ _
18 _ _ ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ _
19 _ _ PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
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1 _ _ ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _
2 _ _ PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _
3 _ _ PRON PRP _ 5 nsubj _ _
4 _ _ AUX MD _ 5 aux _ _
5 _ _ VERB VB _ 0 root _ _
6 _ _ PART TO _ 7 mark _ _
7 _ _ VERB VB _ 5 xcomp _ _
8 _ _ PRON PRP _ 7 dobj _ _
9 _ _ ADV WRB _ 7 ccomp _ _
10 _ _ DET DT _ 11 det _ _
11 _ _ NOUN NN _ 9 nsubj _ _
12 _ _ AUX MD _ 9 aux _ _
13 _ _ VERB VB _ 9 cop _ _
14 _ _ ADP IN _ 15 case _ _
15 _ _ PROPN NNP _ 9 nmod _ _
16 _ _ CONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _
17 _ _ DET WDT _ 18 det _ _
18 _ _ NOUN NN _ 22 dobj _ _
19 _ _ ADP IN _ 20 case _ _
20 _ _ NOUN NNS _ 18 nmod _ _
21 _ _ PRON PRP _ 22 nsubj _ _
22 _ _ VERB VBP _ 13 conj _ _
23 _ _ PART TO _ 24 mark _ _
24 _ _ VERB VB _ 22 xcomp _ _
25 _ _ PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_English-LinES)
This relation is universal.
8276 nodes (10%) are attached to their parents as case.
7905 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.98477525374577.
The following 26 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (5976; 72% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (733; 9% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (570; 7% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (340; 4% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (185; 2% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (135; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (134; 2% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (91; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (47; 1% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (15; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (12; 0% instances), en-pos/AUX-en-pos/ADP (10; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (6; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PART-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances).
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1 About _ ADP _ _ 5 case _ _
2 ANSI _ PROPN SG _ 5 name _ _
3 SQL _ PROPN SG _ 2 name _ _
4 query _ NOUN SG _ 5 compound _ _
5 mode _ NOUN _ _ 0 root _ _
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1 Conditional _ ADJ POS _ 2 amod _ _
2 filters _ NOUN PL _ 4 nsubj _ _
3 are _ VERB PRES _ 4 cop _ _
4 independent _ ADJ POS _ 0 root _ _
5 of _ ADP _ _ 6 case _ _
6 each _ PRON RCP-SG-ACC _ 4 nmod _ _
7 other _ PRON RCP-SG-ACC _ 6 mwe _ _
8 . _ PUNCT Period _ 4 punct _ _
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1 He _ PRON PERS-P3SG-NOM _ 2 nsubj _ _
2 sat _ VERB PAST _ 0 root _ _
3 there _ ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ _
4 dumbly _ ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ _
5 in _ ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 his _ PRON P3SG-GEN _ 7 nmod:poss _ _
7 seat _ NOUN SG _ 2 nmod _ _
8 , _ PUNCT Comma _ 9 punct _ _
9 looking _ VERB ING _ 2 advcl _ _
10 back _ ADV _ _ 9 advmod _ _
11 at _ ADP _ _ 12 case _ _
12 Stillman _ PROPN SG _ 9 nmod _ _
13 . _ PUNCT Period _ 2 punct _ _
case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]