PRON

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`PRON`: pronoun

Description

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.

In Irish, third person pronouns have two forms, roughly corresponding to nominative (e.g. sé) and accusative (e.g. é) cases. Irish pronouns also have emphatic forms. Pronouns are often incorporated through inflection in synthetic verb forms and prepositions.

Augment pronouns appear in copula constructions when the subject is 3rd person singular or plural. The pronoun precedes the subject.

Both the indirect and direct relative pronoun are represented by a.

Irish demonstratives are either post-determiners (see DET), when modifying a noun, or simply demonstrative pronouns (siúd, seo, sin)

Examples

personal pronouns

mé “I”
tú “you”
sé “he”
sí “she”
é “him”
í “her”

emphatic personal pronouns

mise “me”
tusa “you”
seisean “he”
sise “she”

synthetic verbs with incorporated pronouns

ceapaim “I think”
cheapfainn “I would think”
cheapfá “you would think”

inflected prepositions with incorporated pronouns

agam “at me”
agat “at you”

augment pronouns

An é Mairtín an múinteoir? “Is Martin the teacher?

direct relative pronoun

An radharc a bhí le feiceáil “The sight that could be seen”

indirect relative pronoun

na cumhachtaí a dtugtar dó “The powers which are given to him”

demonstrative pronouns

seacht mbliana déag roimhe sin “seventeen years before that”
ná déan seo agus ná déan súid “don’t do this and don’t do that”

Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)

There are 28 PRON lemmas (1%), 42 PRON types (1%) and 930 PRON tokens (4%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 9 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: sé, é, sin, sí, féin, mé, iad, siad, í, seo

The 10 most frequent PRON types: sé, é, sin, sí, féin, mé, iad, siad, í, seo

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: sé (PRON 218, NUM 6, VERB 1), sin (PRON 109, DET 106, X 16, VERB 2), féin (PRON 60, NOUN 1), seo (DET 114, PRON 26, X 10, VERB 4), cé (PRON 23, SCONJ 10, DET 2, NOUN 1, VERB 1), siúd (PRON 14, DET 1), cad (PRON 10, DET 1, VERB 1), cibé (DET 7, PRON 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: sé (PRON 218, NUM 4), sin (DET 106, PRON 88), seo (DET 114, PRON 23), cén (PRON 9, DET 1), siúd (PRON 12, DET 1), cad (PRON 5, DET 1, VERB 1), cé (SCONJ 6, PRON 3, NOUN 1), san (ADP 45, X 16, PRON 4), in (ADP 66, PRON 1, NOUN 1)

sé
- PRON 218: Níor tháinig sé go fóill .
- NUM 4: Bhí Caitríona sé bliana d’ aois .
sin
- DET 106: ’ Tá an méid sin suimiúil a d’ inis tú dom , ‘ a dúirt sé .
- PRON 88: Mar sin beidh comhionannas i gceist anseo idir na dreamanna tofa ar fad .
seo
- DET 114: Tá urraíocht déanta ag Údarás na Gaeltachta ar an gclár seo .
- PRON 23: Thiocfadh leat caint agus scríobh fá seo go minic agus go fada .
cén
- PRON 9: Tugann An Seabhac éachtaint bhreise dúinn san alt chéanna ar cén sórt comhairle í .
- DET 1: ’ N’ fheadarsa cén rud dearúd a dhéanamh .
siúd
- PRON 12: Orthu siúd bhí John Baptist Crozier , eaglaiseach a bhí ina Ardeaspag ar Ard_Mhacha i ndeireadh a shaoil .
- DET 1: An iad na daoine siúd na buaiteoirí ?
cad
- PRON 5: Ba léir go raibh fhios acu cad é a tharla .
- DET 1: Níl a fhios agat cad é an éagóir orm é mé a choimeád anseo .
- VERB 1: Ach féach cad a tharla !
cé
- SCONJ 6: Roghnaigh an bogha an banlaoch Clothra , cé nach raibh sí ach ina girseach ag an am .
- PRON 3: ’ Ach cé leis a dtiocfaidh a rá go bhfuil gaol nó dáimh ag an Éirinn sin le hÉire Bhriain is Chormaic , Éire Choinn Uí Néill ?
- NOUN 1: Ar fhágaint slán agus beannacht age cé na Coise an tráthnóna aoibhinn caithiseach Domhnaigh seo dhúinn , agus agena a raibh do dhaoine ina seasamh ann , cé go raibh cuid mhaith ann san am gcéanna , ní raibh cuma na hainnise ná na bochtanacht ar aon duine acu , rud ná beadh im chumas do rá leo anois dá mbeinn ann , comh fada lem thuairim .
san
- ADP 45: Bhí gach uile mhac máthar san áit ag bualadh bos .
- X 16: Níor dhúisigh san é .
- PRON 4: As san go_dtí Fromista , áit a bhfuil séipéal álainn ón 11ú céad sa stíl Rómhánach .
in
- ADP 66: Fuair sí post ansin in Oifig na Deoise , i Halla Naomh Muire .
- PRON 1: Ar chasadh ar_ais do Dhamien b’ in roimhe é .
- NOUN 1: Taispeántas Chomh maith leis an léacht lárnach sin ón Ollamh Ó Néill , chualathas sainléacht Kenneth Nicholls , Léachtóir le Stair i gColáiste na hOllscoile , Corcaigh , ar ‘ The Limerick / Cork Border in the Middle Ages ‘ .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 1.500000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.449988).

The 1st highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “sin”: in, san, shin, sin.

The 2nd highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “cé”: cé, céard, cén.

The 3rd highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “iad”: hiad, iad, iadsan.

PRON occurs with 6 features: ga-feat/Number (687; 74% instances), ga-feat/Person (679; 73% instances), ga-feat/Gender (477; 51% instances), ga-feat/PronType (191; 21% instances), ga-feat/Reflex (60; 6% instances), ga-feat/Form (27; 3% instances)

PRON occurs with 13 feature-value pairs: Form=Emph, Form=Len, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, Reflex=Yes

PRON occurs with 22 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 (361 tokens). Examples: sé, é, hé

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 16 different relations: ga-dep/nsubj (487; 52% instances), ga-dep/nmod (115; 12% instances), ga-dep/dobj (104; 11% instances), ga-dep/compound (73; 8% instances), ga-dep/det (54; 6% instances), ga-dep/root (36; 4% instances), ga-dep/ccomp (19; 2% instances), ga-dep/conj (18; 2% instances), ga-dep/advcl (10; 1% instances), ga-dep/appos (3; 0% instances), ga-dep/parataxis (3; 0% instances), ga-dep/xcomp:pred (3; 0% instances), ga-dep/advmod (2; 0% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cop (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/mark (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/name (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: VERB (542; 58% instances), NOUN (178; 19% instances), PRON (66; 7% instances), ADP (45; 5% instances), ROOT (36; 4% instances), ADJ (24; 3% instances), PROPN (19; 2% instances), SCONJ (9; 1% instances), ADV (4; 0% instances), CONJ (4; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances)

725 (78%) PRON nodes are leaves.

92 (10%) PRON nodes have one child.

52 (6%) PRON nodes have two children.

61 (7%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 8.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 23 different relations: ga-dep/punct (67; 16% instances), ga-dep/case (41; 10% instances), ga-dep/compound (36; 9% instances), ga-dep/cop (35; 8% instances), ga-dep/nsubj (33; 8% instances), ga-dep/xcomp:pred (30; 7% instances), ga-dep/det (28; 7% instances), ga-dep/conj (21; 5% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cleft (20; 5% instances), ga-dep/cc (19; 5% instances), ga-dep/mark (19; 5% instances), ga-dep/nmod (17; 4% instances), ga-dep/acl:relcl (15; 4% instances), ga-dep/xcomp (13; 3% instances), ga-dep/advcl (6; 1% instances), ga-dep/advmod (6; 1% instances), ga-dep/ccomp (4; 1% instances), ga-dep/amod (3; 1% instances), ga-dep/nmod:prep (3; 1% instances), ga-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cop (2; 0% instances), ga-dep/nummod (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (94; 22% instances), VERB (78; 18% instances), PUNCT (67; 16% instances), PRON (66; 16% instances), ADP (48; 11% instances), CONJ (28; 7% instances), ADJ (11; 3% instances), SCONJ (11; 3% instances), DET (8; 2% instances), PROPN (4; 1% instances), X (4; 1% instances), ADV (3; 1% instances)

PRON in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

PRON: pronoun