Negative: whether the word can be or is negated
In Slovenian, negation can be expressed in different ways. Syntactically, it can be marked by using negation particle ne “not”, as in Tega ne vem “I do not know that.” or Šli smo na ne najbolj zanimivo predavanje. “We attended a not too interesting lecture.”, or by using special negated verb form, as in To ni ona. “This is not her.” Morhplogically, negation is marked by prefix ne-, as in nepravičen “unfair”, neželen “unwanted” etc.
In the Slovenian UD Treebank, we currently only mark negation as an inflectional feature of a limited set of verbs and auxiliaries: biti “to be”, imeti “to have”, hoteti “to want”.
Neg: negative
Negative is assigned to negated word forms of verbs biti, imeti, hoteti.
Examples
- nisem “I am not”, nisi “you are not”, ni “he/she/it is not” etc.
- nimam “I do not have”, nimaš “you do not have”, nima “he/she/it does not have” etc.
- nočem “I do not want”, nočeš “you do not want”, nočemo “he/she/it does not want” etc.
Pos: positive, affirmative
Positive is assigned to non-negated word forms of verbs biti, imeti, hoteti with identical set of other grammatical features.
Examples
- sem “I am”, nisi “you are”, je “he/she/it is” etc.
- imam “I have”, imaš “you have”, ima “he/she/it has” etc.
- hočem “I want”, hočeš “you want”, hočemo “he/she/it wants” etc.
Conversion from JOS
All verbs with feature Negative=no are converted to Negative=Pos and all verbs with feature Negative=yes are converted to Negative=Neg.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Neg, Pos.
9362 tokens (7%) have a non-empty value of Negative.
92 types (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Negative.
4 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Negative.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/AUX (6240; 4% instances), sl-pos/VERB (3122; 2% instances).
AUX
6240 sl-pos/AUX tokens (87% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Negative co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (6240; 100%), Mood=Ind (6240; 100%), Tense=Pres (5426; 87%), Person=3 (5345; 86%), Number=Sing (4202; 67%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(431; 7% of non-emptyNegative): ni, niso, nisem, nismo, niste, nista, nisva, nisiPos(5809; 93% of non-emptyNegative): je, so, bo, sem, bodo, sta, smo, bomo, boste, steEMPTY(907): bi, bil, bili, bila, b
| Paradigm biti | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bom | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sem | nisem |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres | si, as | nisi |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bo | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | je | ni |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bova | |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sva | nisva |
| Number=Dual|Person=2|Tense=Pres | sta | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bosta | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres | sta | nista |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bomo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | smo | nismo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut | boste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres | ste | niste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bodo, bojo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | so | niso |
VERB
3122 sl-pos/VERB tokens (18% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Negative co-occurred: Gender=EMPTY (3122; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (3122; 100%), Mood=Ind (3122; 100%), Tense=Pres (2888; 93%), Person=3 (2877; 92%), Aspect=EMPTY (2752; 88%), Number=Sing (2263; 72%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(390; 12% of non-emptyNegative): ni, niso, nima, nimajo, nisem, nimam, niste, nismo, noče, nimamoPos(2732; 88% of non-emptyNegative): je, so, bo, ima, imajo, smo, bodo, sta, sem, imamoEMPTY(14188): bila, bil, bilo, bili, gre, biti, mora, imel, bile, pomeni
| Paradigm biti | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bom | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sem | nisem |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut | boš | |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres | si | nisi |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bo | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | je | ni |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sva | |
| Number=Dual|Person=2|Tense=Fut | bosta | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bosta | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres | sta | nista |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bomo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | smo | nismo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut | boste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres | ste | niste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bodo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | so | niso |
Relations with Agreement in Negative
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Negative:
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Neg, Pos.
2400 tokens (8%) have a non-empty value of Negative.
45 types (1%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Negative.
4 lemmas (0%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Negative.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/VERB (1278; 4% instances), sl-pos/AUX (1122; 4% instances).
VERB
1278 sl-pos/VERB tokens (28% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Negative co-occurred: Mood=Ind (1278; 100%), Gender=EMPTY (1278; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (1278; 100%), Tense=Pres (1187; 93%), Aspect=EMPTY (1066; 83%), Person=3 (1021; 80%), Number=Sing (995; 78%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(135; 11% of non-emptyNegative): ni, nima, nisem, niso, nimam, nimajo, noče, nimamo, nimate, nimašPos(1143; 89% of non-emptyNegative): je, so, bo, ima, sem, si, imamo, imaš, imajo, imateEMPTY(3333): vem, veš, bilo, mislim, bil, bila, recimo, pravi, gre, imela
| Paradigm biti | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bom | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sem | nisem |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut | boš | |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres | si | nisi |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bo | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | je | ni |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bova | |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sva | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bosta | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres | sta | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bomo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | smo | nismo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres | ste | niste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bodo, bojo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | so | niso |
AUX
1122 sl-pos/AUX tokens (89% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Negative co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (1122; 100%), Mood=Ind (1122; 100%), Tense=Pres (914; 81%), Number=Sing (755; 67%), Person=3 (634; 57%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(78; 7% of non-emptyNegative): ni, nisem, nismo, nisi, niste, niso, nisvaPos(1044; 93% of non-emptyNegative): je, sem, so, smo, bo, bomo, si, ste, bom, bošEMPTY(134): bi
| Paradigm biti | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bom | |
| Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sem | nisem |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut | boš | |
| Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres | si | nisi |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bo | |
| Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | je, biti | ni |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bova | |
| Number=Dual|Person=1|Tense=Pres | sva | nisva |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bosta | |
| Number=Dual|Person=3|Tense=Pres | sta | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut | bomo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres | smo | nismo |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut | boste | |
| Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres | ste | niste |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut | bodo, bojo | |
| Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | so | niso |
Relations with Agreement in Negative
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Negative:
VERB –[reparandum]–> VERB (15; 65%),
AUX –[reparandum]–> AUX (1; 100%).
Negative in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]