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Voice: voice

Voice

For Indo-European speakers, voice means mainly the active-passive distinction. In other languages, other shades of verb meaning are categorized as voice.

In Bulgarian linguistics there are various theories of Voice distinctions: 2-voice one (active vs. passive), 3-voice one (active vs. passive vs. reflexive), 4-voice one(active vs. passive vs. reflexive vs. impersonal).

Here the 2-voice theory is adopted.

Act: active voice

The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (pacient).

Examples

Pass: passive voice

The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb. In Bulgarian there are two ways of forming passive:

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Bulgarian)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.

22474 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Voice. 7763 types (29%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. 2927 lemmas (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: bg-pos/VERB (19096; 12% instances), bg-pos/AUX (1906; 1% instances), bg-pos/ADJ (1472; 1% instances).

VERB

19096 bg-pos/VERB tokens (98% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Mood=Ind (16458; 86%), Definite=EMPTY (16331; 86%), VerbForm=Fin (16331; 86%), Person=3 (13697; 72%), Number=Sing (13454; 70%), Tense=Pres (11733; 61%), Aspect=Imp (11042; 58%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm кажаActPass
Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partказал
Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partказала
Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Partказано
Definite=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partказали
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finказах
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finкажа
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finкажеш
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finказа
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finкаже
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finказахме
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finкажем
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finказахте
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finкажете
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Finказаха
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finкажат

AUX

1906 bg-pos/AUX tokens (94% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Mood=Ind (1787; 94%), VerbForm=Fin (1787; 94%), Aspect=Imp (1658; 87%), Person=3 (1610; 84%), Tense=Pres (1384; 73%), Number=Sing (1277; 67%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:

ADJ

1472 bg-pos/ADJ tokens (11% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (1472; 100%), Degree=EMPTY (1113; 76%), Aspect=Perf (1047; 71%), Number=Sing (839; 57%), Definite=Ind (808; 55%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm следвамActPass
Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Presследващия, следващият
Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Presследващата
Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Presследващото
Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Presследващите
Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Presследващия, Следващият
Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Presследващата
Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Presследващото
Definite=Def|Number=Plur|Tense=Presследващите
Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Singследван
Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Singследвана
Definite=Ind|Number=Plurследвани

Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 98% lemmas (657) occur only with one value of Voice.

Relations with Agreement in Voice

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice: VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (2251; 90%), VERB –[conj]–> VERB (1557; 92%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (1130; 89%), VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (243; 95%), VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (207; 92%), VERB –[dobj]–> VERB (193; 95%), VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (90; 84%), VERB –[csubjpass]–> VERB (43; 72%), VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (3; 100%), VERB –[cop]–> VERB (3; 100%).


Voice in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]