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Voice: voice

Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and pacient.

Act: active voice

The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (pacient).

All finite verb forms and the active/past participles are tagged Voice=Act.

Examples

Pass: passive voice

The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.

Only the passive participle is tagged Voice=Pass.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.

154790 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice. 24977 types (19%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. 6347 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (139146; 9% instances), cs-pos/AUX (11146; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (4498; 0% instances).

VERB

139146 cs-pos/VERB tokens (84% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (125084; 90%), Number=Sing (89367; 64%), Gender=EMPTY (75751; 54%), VerbForm=Fin (75729; 54%), Mood=Ind (75729; 54%), Tense=Pres (74329; 53%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm říciActPass
Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partneřekli
Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partřekli
Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partřekly
Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Transřkouce
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partneřekl
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partřekl
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partneřekla
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partřekla
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partneřeklo
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partřeklo
Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Partřečeno
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finneřeknu
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finneřekne
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finneřeknou
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finřeknu
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finřekne
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finřekneme
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finřeknete
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finřeknou

AUX

11146 cs-pos/AUX tokens (54% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (10350; 93%), Gender=EMPTY (7894; 71%), Mood=Ind (7893; 71%), VerbForm=Fin (7893; 71%), Number=Sing (6212; 56%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:

ADJ

4498 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (2% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (4498; 100%), Negative=Pos (4367; 97%), Number=Sing (2627; 58%), Gender=Masc (2336; 52%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (940) occur only with one value of Voice.

Relations with Agreement in Voice

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (13283; 87%), VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (6279; 69%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (5035; 74%), VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (822; 75%), VERB –[appos]–> VERB (167; 88%), VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (20; 87%), VERB –[acl]–> VERB (16; 89%), AUX –[conj]–> AUX (6; 100%), VERB –[mark]–> VERB (1; 100%).


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.

50464 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice. 12504 types (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. 4074 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (44479; 9% instances), cs-pos/AUX (3842; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (2143; 0% instances).

VERB

44479 cs-pos/VERB tokens (84% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (40906; 92%), Gender=EMPTY (28513; 64%), Mood=Ind (28504; 64%), VerbForm=Fin (28504; 64%), Tense=Pres (28174; 63%), Number=Sing (26436; 59%), Person=3 (24928; 56%), Aspect=EMPTY (22594; 51%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm dátActPass
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partnedali
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partdali
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partdaly
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Partdány
Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partnedal
Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partdal
Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Partdán
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partnedala
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partdala
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|VerbForm=Partdána
Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partnedalo
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partdalo
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Partdáno
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finnedám
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finnedá
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finnedáme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finnedají
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Findám
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Findáš
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Findáme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Findáte
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Findají

AUX

3842 cs-pos/AUX tokens (62% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (3647; 95%), Gender=EMPTY (2529; 66%), VerbForm=Fin (2528; 66%), Mood=Ind (2528; 66%), Number=Sing (2018; 53%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:

ADJ

2143 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (3% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (2143; 100%), Negative=Pos (2112; 99%), Number=Sing (1119; 52%), Gender=Masc (1095; 51%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (539) occur only with one value of Voice.

Relations with Agreement in Voice

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (5068; 87%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (1572; 72%), VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (863; 53%), VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (221; 67%), VERB –[appos]–> VERB (27; 87%), AUX –[conj]–> AUX (9; 100%).


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.

2587 tokens (7%) have a non-empty value of Voice. 642 types (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. 339 lemmas (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (2190; 6% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (288; 1% instances), cs-pos/AUX (109; 0% instances).

VERB

2190 cs-pos/VERB tokens (87% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (1937; 88%), Mood=Ind (1806; 82%), Gender=EMPTY (1806; 82%), Person=3 (1806; 82%), VerbForm=Fin (1806; 82%), Tense=Pres (1803; 82%), Number=Sing (1335; 61%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Paradigm použítActPass
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Partpoužity
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partpoužila
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|VerbForm=Partpoužita
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Partpoužito
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finnepoužije
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finnepoužijí
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finpoužije
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Finpoužijí

ADJ

288 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (4% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (288; 100%), Negative=Pos (286; 99%), Number=Sing (177; 61%), Animacy=EMPTY (172; 60%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Voice seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (50) occur only with one value of Voice.

AUX

109 cs-pos/AUX tokens (64% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Negative=Pos (86; 79%), Animacy=EMPTY (84; 77%), Mood=Ind (58; 53%), Gender=EMPTY (58; 53%), Person=3 (58; 53%), VerbForm=Fin (58; 53%), Number=Plur (57; 52%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:

Relations with Agreement in Voice

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (203; 88%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (67; 65%), VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (28; 90%), VERB –[csubjpass]–> VERB (1; 100%), VERB –[appos]–> VERB (1; 100%).


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