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VERB: verb

Definition

A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.

In Slovenian, the VERB tag covers all verbs (including content, modal and copula verbs), except for the auxiliary verb biti “to be”, which is tagged as AUX.

Word forms that etymologically derive from verbs, but have different syntactic properties, such as adjectival participles (ukraden “stolen”, pokrit “covered”), transgressives (upoštevaje “taking into account”, začenši “starting”) and gerunds (govorjenje “speaking”, zavrnitev “rejection”, gretje “heating”), are marked as adjectives, adverbs or nouns respectively.

Examples

• imeti “to have”, vedeti “to know”, dobiti “to get”
• morati “to must”, moči “to be able to”, postati “to become”
• začeti “to start, iti “to go”, priti “to come”

Conversion from JOS

All verbs with Type=main have been converted to VERB. Additionally, those instances of verb biti with Type=auxiliary that do not bear the PPart dependency relation to a main verb have also been converted to VERB.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

There are 2366 VERB lemmas (14%), 6133 VERB types (19%) and 17310 VERB tokens (12%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 3 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: biti, imeti, morati, iti, začeti, moči, priti, vedeti, dobiti, povedati

The 10 most frequent VERB types: je, so, bila, bil, bilo, ni, bo, ima, bili, gre

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: biti (AUX 7147, VERB 3788), peti (ADJ 6, VERB 5)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (AUX 3057, VERB 1508, PRON 14), so (AUX 1089, VERB 473), bila (VERB 259, AUX 4), bil (VERB 247, AUX 11), ni (AUX 247, VERB 239), bo (AUX 376, VERB 171), bili (VERB 111, AUX 6), mora (VERB 56, NOUN 2), pomeni (VERB 44, NOUN 1), niso (AUX 84, VERB 41)

• je
  • AUX 3057: Srebrni častni znak je prejela tudi Pia Mlakar .
  • VERB 1508: Škoda je , da slovenski uporabniki iščejo informacije na tujih straneh .
  • PRON 14: Opazil je novo jahto , ki je prejšnji dan še ni bilo v pristanišču .
• so
  • AUX 1089: Vsaj trije ali štirje so prišli na moja ušesa .
  • VERB 473: Za zadovoljitev pomembne želje so pripravljeni vložiti več truda .
• bila
  • VERB 259: S tem naj bi bila zagotovljena objektivnost .
  • AUX 4: V ta namen naj bi bila kupila tudi pištolo .
• bil
  • VERB 247: Toda bil sem suh , poleg tega pa se je poročila sestrična .
  • AUX 11: Kaj pa naj bi ji bil rekel ?
• ni
  • AUX 247: Njihov spokojni življenski ritem se ni kresal z našim .
  • VERB 239: S tem nikakor ni zmanjšan pomen enotne volje državljanov Slovenije .
• bo
  • AUX 376: Naj bo tako , čeprav vas nihče ne bo podpiral , in daleč boste prišli .
  • VERB 171: Naj bo tako , čeprav vas nihče ne bo podpiral , in daleč boste prišli .
• bili
  • VERB 111: Že dolgo poslušam in sledim , ali bi bili kakšni takšni nameni .
  • AUX 6: Iz lokala so potegnili Roberta in Marka , ker naj bi bili v njiju prepoznali napadalca .
• mora
  • VERB 56: Premer dna posode se mora ujemati s premerom plošče ali kuhalnega polja .
  • NOUN 2: Bila pa sem prava mora za sodnike , saj sem igrala zelo počasi .
• pomeni
  • VERB 44: » Deveto mesto mi zares veliko pomeni , saj je dokaz , da napredujem .
  • NOUN 1: Razlogi za veselje se od zgodnjega otroštva do mladostništva spreminjajo , saj se spreminjajo tudi pomeni , ki jih posamezniki pripisujejo določenemu dogajanju .
• niso
  • AUX 84: Prvi ljudje še niso razvili poljedelstva .
  • VERB 41: Odločitve predsednikov vlad vsekakor niso lahke .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 2.592139 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.894262).

The 1st highest number of forms (34) was observed with the lemma “biti”: Bodi, bi, bijejo, bil, bila, bile, bili, bilo, biti, bla, blo, bo, bodite, bodo, bom, bomo, bosta, boste, boš, je, ni, nisem, nisi, nismo, niso, nista, niste, sem, si, smo, so, sta, ste, sva.

The 2nd highest number of forms (21) was observed with the lemma “imeti”: ima, imajo, imam, imamo, imata, imate, imava, imaš, imejte, imel, imela, imele, imeli, imelo, imeti, nima, nimajo, nimam, nimamo, nimate, nimaš.

The 3rd highest number of forms (17) was observed with the lemma “hoteti”: Hočeš, Nočemo, hotel, hotela, hotele, hoteli, hoče, hočejo, hočem, hočemo, hočeta, hočete, noče, nočejo, nočem, nočete, nočeš.

VERB occurs with 8 features: sl-feat/VerbForm (17310; 100% instances), sl-feat/Number (15900; 92% instances), sl-feat/Aspect (12449; 72% instances), sl-feat/Mood (8257; 48% instances), sl-feat/Person (8256; 48% instances), sl-feat/Tense (7982; 46% instances), sl-feat/Gender (7644; 44% instances), sl-feat/Negative (3122; 18% instances)

VERB occurs with 22 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Sup

VERB occurs with 110 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part (1563 tokens). Examples: povedal, dejal, postal, rekel, prišel, začel, dobil, odločil, vzel, dodal

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: sl-dep/root (6202; 36% instances), sl-dep/cop (2820; 16% instances), sl-dep/acl (2009; 12% instances), sl-dep/conj (1555; 9% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (1220; 7% instances), sl-dep/advcl (1101; 6% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (969; 6% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (918; 5% instances), sl-dep/csubj (512; 3% instances), sl-dep/mwe (4; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: ROOT (6202; 36% instances), VERB (5345; 31% instances), NOUN (2684; 16% instances), ADJ (2641; 15% instances), PRON (294; 2% instances), PROPN (127; 1% instances), NUM (13; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances)

2936 (17%) VERB nodes are leaves.

718 (4%) VERB nodes have one child.

1322 (8%) VERB nodes have two children.

12334 (71%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 13.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 21 different relations: sl-dep/punct (12871; 20% instances), sl-dep/nmod (8534; 13% instances), sl-dep/advmod (7755; 12% instances), sl-dep/dobj (6834; 11% instances), sl-dep/aux (6435; 10% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (5523; 9% instances), sl-dep/mark (3914; 6% instances), sl-dep/expl (2292; 4% instances), sl-dep/cc (1798; 3% instances), sl-dep/conj (1494; 2% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (1298; 2% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (1193; 2% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (1137; 2% instances), sl-dep/advcl (1104; 2% instances), sl-dep/neg (632; 1% instances), sl-dep/iobj (603; 1% instances), sl-dep/csubj (278; 0% instances), sl-dep/discourse (51; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (10; 0% instances), sl-dep/dep (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/mwe (1; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (16220; 25% instances), PUNCT (12871; 20% instances), AUX (6429; 10% instances), PRON (6026; 9% instances), VERB (5345; 8% instances), ADV (4569; 7% instances), SCONJ (3695; 6% instances), PART (3174; 5% instances), CONJ (2650; 4% instances), PROPN (1557; 2% instances), ADJ (1063; 2% instances), NUM (109; 0% instances), X (28; 0% instances), ADP (16; 0% instances), INTJ (11; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)

There are 727 VERB lemmas (18%), 1484 VERB types (23%) and 4611 VERB tokens (16%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 2 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 1 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: biti, imeti, vedeti, iti, reči, misliti, dati, priti, videti, morati

The 10 most frequent VERB types: je, so, vem, ni, veš, bilo, mislim, bil, bila, bo

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: biti (VERB 1348, AUX 1256), peti (ADJ 5, VERB 3), se (PRON 460, VERB 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (VERB 639, AUX 358, PRON 6, INTJ 3), so (VERB 125, AUX 117, X 2), ni (VERB 86, AUX 43, X 1), mislim (VERB 78, NOUN 1), bo (AUX 79, VERB 54), sem (AUX 174, VERB 33, ADV 4), si (PRON 48, AUX 39, VERB 32, X 1), pravi (VERB 30, ADJ 5), gre (VERB 28, X 1), smo (AUX 88, VERB 20)

• je
  • VERB 639: tako življenje je bilo prej in in sedaj je
  • AUX 358: tako življenje je bilo prej in in sedaj je
  • PRON 6: sploh če je ne prebereš mislim tako da jo prebereš
  • INTJ 3: je ene štir [gap] ene š [gap] štirideset
• so
  • VERB 125: [all:laughter] džingli so res za popizditi hudi
  • AUX 117: ja pa so vam pol tudi gnoj dali za te njive pa ?
  • X 2: genau wo ist den das ? ach so da
• ni
  • VERB 86: aha … ja ja … aha ni kaj ja ja
  • AUX 43: od maja meseca pa dokler ni bila slana smo pasli [:voice]
  • X 1: in seveda vlekel sem vprašanja noter in sem gledal samo da izvlečem da popravljam jaz da je tekst pa da jaz popravim kje je treba vejica kje je treba dvopičje ne pa da da jaz delam kaj je eee osebek povedek te pa sem ni mi nekako nisem ni [gap] nisem tu jaz bil cel ne
• mislim
  • VERB 78: mošt je moš [gap] mislim
  • NOUN 1: ful je bilo vroče mislim krakow je ful lep šla sva čisto na slepo
• bo
  • AUX 79: edino to da se nisi bal da te bo kdo počil kje
  • VERB 54: bo že bo že počasi
• sem
  • AUX 174: pazim zdaj s [gap] zdaj pa spomladi pa sem rekel [gap]
  • VERB 33: ja klinc zdaj sem pa v tam v [gap]
  • ADV 4: a veš in sem pozabila enostavno … tisti
• si
  • PRON 48: kdaj si s [gap]
  • AUX 39: pa si bil že kaj doma nisi bil še nič tako
  • VERB 32: ako ako imaš imaš ako nimaš pa si revež
  • X 1: najmanj kar bi si [gap] glejte najmanj kar bi se … poglejte dovoli [gap] … ja
• pravi
  • VERB 30: pa pravi [name:personal] pa daj saj ena številka ti pa še viška hodi ne
  • ADJ 5: ja samo ko bo pač pravi čas za to ne
• gre
  • VERB 28: to ja samo to je dejansko pač ta folk ki gre sam na pijačo
  • X 1: nekateri menijo da je izšel iz grške besede grafo kar pomeni pisati drugi pa pojem povezujejo z italijansko besedo gre [gap] grafiare ki pomeni spraskati
• smo
  • AUX 88: saj smo mulci od desetega leta naprej pasli
  • VERB 20: ker vemo da smo skoraj vsi no pod eee pod stresom eni bolj drugi manj

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 2.041265 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.575031).

The 1st highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “biti”: bi, bil, bila, bile, bili, bilo, biti, bo, bodi, bodite, bodo, bojo, bom, bomo, bosta, bova, boš, je, ni, nisem, nisi, nismo, niso, niste, sem, si, smo, so, sta, ste, sva.

The 2nd highest number of forms (20) was observed with the lemma “imeti”: ima, imajo, imam, imamo, imata, imate, imava, imaš, imejte, imel, imela, imele, imeli, imeti, nima, nimajo, nimam, nimamo, nimate, nimaš.

The 3rd highest number of forms (19) was observed with the lemma “iti”: gre, gredo, grejo, grem, gremo, gresta, greste, greva, greš, ide, idem, ideš, iti, pojdi, šel, šla, šle, šli, šlo.

VERB occurs with 8 features: sl-feat/VerbForm (4611; 100% instances), sl-feat/Number (4328; 94% instances), sl-feat/Mood (3051; 66% instances), sl-feat/Person (3036; 66% instances), sl-feat/Aspect (2871; 62% instances), sl-feat/Tense (2824; 61% instances), sl-feat/Gender (1292; 28% instances), sl-feat/Negative (1278; 28% instances)

VERB occurs with 22 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Sup

VERB occurs with 99 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (639 tokens). Examples: je

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 15 different relations: sl-dep/root (1473; 32% instances), sl-dep/cop (677; 15% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (654; 14% instances), sl-dep/conj (365; 8% instances), sl-dep/advcl (282; 6% instances), sl-dep/acl (261; 6% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (235; 5% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:discourse (223; 5% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (185; 4% instances), sl-dep/csubj (78; 2% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:restart (74; 2% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (74; 2% instances), sl-dep/mwe (20; 0% instances), sl-dep/conj:extend (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (4; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (1664; 36% instances), ROOT (1473; 32% instances), NOUN (592; 13% instances), ADJ (478; 10% instances), PRON (228; 5% instances), ADV (76; 2% instances), PROPN (47; 1% instances), NUM (22; 0% instances), X (17; 0% instances), PART (8; 0% instances), CONJ (2; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

994 (22%) VERB nodes are leaves.

462 (10%) VERB nodes have one child.

607 (13%) VERB nodes have two children.

2548 (55%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 17.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 32 different relations: sl-dep/advmod (2595; 18% instances), sl-dep/dobj (1325; 9% instances), sl-dep/nmod (1174; 8% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (1096; 8% instances), sl-dep/aux (1085; 8% instances), sl-dep/discourse (922; 7% instances), sl-dep/mark (899; 6% instances), sl-dep/punct (805; 6% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (663; 5% instances), sl-dep/cc (658; 5% instances), sl-dep/expl (437; 3% instances), sl-dep/conj (361; 3% instances), sl-dep/discourse:filler (345; 2% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (304; 2% instances), sl-dep/neg (253; 2% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (239; 2% instances), sl-dep/advcl (234; 2% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (198; 1% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:discourse (139; 1% instances), sl-dep/iobj (84; 1% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:restart (70; 0% instances), sl-dep/csubj (50; 0% instances), sl-dep/vocative (48; 0% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (32; 0% instances), sl-dep/conj:extend (27; 0% instances), sl-dep/case (9; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (8; 0% instances), sl-dep/nummod (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/cop (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/det (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/mwe (2; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (2084; 15% instances), PRON (1924; 14% instances), ADV (1892; 13% instances), VERB (1664; 12% instances), PART (1593; 11% instances), AUX (1116; 8% instances), CONJ (935; 7% instances), SCONJ (875; 6% instances), X (628; 4% instances), INTJ (439; 3% instances), PUNCT (289; 2% instances), PROPN (268; 2% instances), ADJ (259; 2% instances), NUM (81; 1% instances), ADP (27; 0% instances), DET (3; 0% instances)

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VERB in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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