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Gender: gender

Gender is a lexical feature of nouns and an inflectional feature of other parts of speech (adjectives, determiners) that mark agreement with nouns.

Com: common gender

Swedish does not distinguish masculine/feminine most of the time but does distinguish neuter vs. non-neuter (neutrum/utrum). The non-neuter is called common gender.

Examples

• [sv] en ogift mor “an unmarried mother”
• [sv] anmälan blir ifylld “the report is filled in”

Neut: neuter gender

Nouns and other parts of speech that are neither masculine nor feminine (grammatically).

Examples

• [sv] fullt bostadstillägg “full housing supplement”
• [sv] det första kravet “the first requirement”

Masc: masculine gender

Some adjectives, when referring specifically to a male person, take a masculine form in Swedish.

Examples

• [sv] den arbetslöse “the unemployed (man)”
• [sv] den brittiske författaren “the British author”

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 4 different values: Com, Fem, Masc, Neut.

33614 tokens (35%) have a non-empty value of Gender. 10234 types (68%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. 6850 lemmas (67%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. The feature is used with 6 part-of-speech tags: sv-pos/NOUN (22566; 23% instances), sv-pos/DET (4082; 4% instances), sv-pos/PRON (3706; 4% instances), sv-pos/ADJ (3141; 3% instances), sv-pos/NUM (92; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB (27; 0% instances).

NOUN

22566 sv-pos/NOUN tokens (98% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Gender co-occurred: Case=Nom (21444; 95%), Number=Sing (15358; 68%), Definite=Ind (14738; 65%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Com (15734; 70% of non-empty Gender): del, procent, människor, tid, familjen, kvinnor, man, dag, miljoner, fråga
• Fem (1; 0% of non-empty Gender): nuptiam
• Masc (1; 0% of non-empty Gender): consensus
• Neut (6830; 30% of non-empty Gender): år, barn, äktenskapet, barnen, sätt, samhället, arbete, fall, äktenskap, barnet
• EMPTY (419): kr, %, dr, s., kap., proc, KPI, milj, mån, sid

Paradigm äktenskap	Neut	Com
Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	äktenskapets	äktenskapens
Case=Gen|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing		äktenskaps
Case=Gen|Definite=Ind|Number=Plur		äktenskaps
Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	äktenskapet	äktenskapen
Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing	äktenskap
Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Plur	äktenskap

Gender seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 99% lemmas (5836) occur only with one value of Gender.

DET

4082 sv-pos/DET tokens (72% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (4082; 100%), Poss=EMPTY (3717; 91%), PronType=Art (3222; 79%), Definite=Ind (2324; 57%).

DET tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Com (2814; 69% of non-empty Gender): en, den, sin, denna, någon, vår, ingen, vilken, din, var
• Neut (1268; 31% of non-empty Gender): ett, det, detta, sitt, något, vårt, allt, ditt, inget, vilket
• EMPTY (1574): de, alla, varje, dessa, samma, sina, deras, några, våra, vilka

Paradigm en	Neut	Com
Definite=Def	det	den
Definite=Ind	ett	en

PRON

3706 sv-pos/PRON tokens (62% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (3288; 89%), Definite=Def (2577; 70%), PronType=Prs (2510; 68%), Case=EMPTY (2026; 55%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Com (2100; 57% of non-empty Gender): man, vi, den, du, han, jag, oss, hon, en, dig
• Masc (2; 0% of non-empty Gender): denne
• Neut (1604; 43% of non-empty Gender): det, detta, vad, något, allt, vilket, mycket, annat, detsamma, ett
• EMPTY (2262): som, de, sig, dem, andra, många, alla, varandra, dessa, vilka

Paradigm denna	Masc	Neut	Com
PronType=Dem	denne	detta	denna
PronType=Prs		detta

ADJ

3141 sv-pos/ADJ tokens (37% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (3136; 100%), Case=Nom (3130; 100%), Definite=Ind (3030; 96%), Tense=EMPTY (2578; 82%), VerbForm=EMPTY (2578; 82%), Degree=Pos (2573; 82%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Com (1978; 63% of non-empty Gender): stor, annan, själv, sådan, viss, egen, ny, hög, kristen, social
• Masc (46; 1% of non-empty Gender): enskilde, andre, sjuke, ene, enskildes, lille, skattskyldige, unge, amerikanske, andres
• Neut (1117; 36% of non-empty Gender): annat, svårt, nytt, möjligt, sådant, viktigt, eget, socialt, stort, övrigt
• EMPTY (5357): olika, andra, nya, många, stora, större, första, vissa, hela, flera

Paradigm stor	Masc	Neut	Com
Definite=Def|Degree=Sup	störste
Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos		stort	stor

NUM

92 sv-pos/NUM tokens (5% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Gender co-occurred: NumType=Card (92; 100%), Case=Nom (92; 100%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Com (60; 65% of non-empty Gender): en
• Neut (32; 35% of non-empty Gender): ett
• EMPTY (1649): två, tre, 1, 20, 2, 1970, 3, 10, 1971, 7

Paradigm en	Neut	Com
	ett	en

VERB

27 sv-pos/VERB tokens (0% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Gender co-occurred: Voice=EMPTY (27; 100%), Tense=Past (27; 100%), VerbForm=Part (27; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (27; 100%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Com (21; 78% of non-empty Gender): vald, vänd, hörselskadad, accepterad, förstärkt, förändrad, ifylld, komplicerad, likställd, lämnad
• Neut (6; 22% of non-empty Gender): förbjudet, opåverkat, reglerat, sysselsatt, tillgodosett, upplagt
• EMPTY (11559): är, har, finns, vara, blir, få, får, var, ha, gäller

Gender seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (22) occur only with one value of Gender.

Relations with Agreement in Gender

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Gender: NOUN –[det]–> DET (3460; 76%), NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (1690; 53%), NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (1389; 67%), NOUN –[nmod:poss]–> NOUN (552; 60%), NOUN –[nmod:poss]–> DET (339; 51%), NOUN –[appos]–> NOUN (183; 64%), NOUN –[nsubj]–> NOUN (151; 56%), ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (125; 79%), ADJ –[expl]–> PRON (112; 93%), ADJ –[nsubj]–> PRON (93; 52%).

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