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cop: copula

In copular clauses, the predicative acts as the head word of the clause, and the copular verb depends on it using a cop (copula) dependency. The only copular verb in the scheme for Greek is είμαι (be).

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Η ρευστότητα ήταν φλέγον ζήτημα .
nsubj(ζήτημα, ρευστότητα)
cop(ζήτημα, ήταν)
{
    "text": "Η ρευστότητα ήταν φλέγον ζήτημα . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 18, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 25, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 32, 33 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

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Η ρευστότητα ήταν χαμηλή .
nsubj(χαμηλή, ρευστότητα)
cop(χαμηλή, ήταν)
{
    "text": "Η ρευστότητα ήταν χαμηλή . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 18, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 25, 26 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

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Ήταν από την Κρήτη .
cop(Κρήτη, Ήταν)
{
    "text": "Ήταν από την Κρήτη . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 20 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

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Ο Νίκος είναι πάνω .
nsubj(πάνω, Νίκος)
cop(πάνω, είναι)
{
    "text": "Ο Νίκος είναι πάνω . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 14, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 20 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

The same label is used in Greek sentences (often in informal discourse or headlines), where deletion of είμαι may occur.

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Φοβερό το γλυκό .
nsubj(Φοβερό, γλυκό)
{
    "text": "Φοβερό το γλυκό . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 7, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}

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Αμφίβολη η συμμετοχή της Γαλλίας .
nsubj(συμμετοχή, Αμφίβολη)
{
    "text": "Αμφίβολη η συμμετοχή της Γαλλίας . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T2", "token", [ [ 9, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T4", "token", [ [ 21, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T5", "token", [ [ 25, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T6", "token", [ [ 33, 34 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ]
}

Whenever the copula has a clausal argument, ccomp is used, with the copula being the head.

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Αυτό που μας ενδιαφέρει είναι να μην κινδυνέψουν
ccomp(είναι, κινδυνέψουν)
nsubj(είναι, Αυτό)
{
    "text": "Αυτό που μας ενδιαφέρει είναι να μην κινδυνέψουν ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T5", "token", [ [ 24, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T6", "token", [ [ 30, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T7", "token", [ [ 33, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T8", "token", [ [ 37, 48 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ]
}

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Greek)

This relation is universal.

855 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.

786 instances of cop (92%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 2.18362573099415.

The following 6 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-VERB (377; 44% instances), NOUN-VERB (372; 44% instances), VERB-VERB (66; 8% instances), PRON-VERB (18; 2% instances), NUM-VERB (12; 1% instances), ADV-VERB (10; 1% instances).

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# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 6 cop	color:blue
1	Πολλοί	πολύς	ADJ	ADJ	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	από	από	ADP	ADP	_	3	case	_	_
3	αυτούς	αυτός	PRON	PRON	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Dem	1	det	_	_
4	κινδυνεύουν	κινδυνεύω	VERB	VERB	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
5	να	να	PART	PART	_	7	aux	_	_
6	μείνουν	μένω	VERB	VERB	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Voice=Act	7	cop	_	_
7	άστεγοι	άστεγος	ADJ	ADJ	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	ccomp	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	4	punct	_	_
9	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	4	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "ADJ", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "ADP", [ [ 7, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 11, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "VERB", [ [ 18, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "PART", [ [ 30, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "VERB", [ [ 33, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "ADJ", [ [ 41, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T8", "PUNCT", [ [ 49, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-T9", "PUNCT", [ [ 51, 52 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-8-S1-A1", "Case", "embedded-8-S1-T1", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A2", "Gender", "embedded-8-S1-T1", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A3", "Number", "embedded-8-S1-T1", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A4", "Case", "embedded-8-S1-T3", "Acc" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A5", "Gender", "embedded-8-S1-T3", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A6", "Number", "embedded-8-S1-T3", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A7", "Person", "embedded-8-S1-T3", "3" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A8", "PronType", "embedded-8-S1-T3", "Dem" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A9", "Mood", "embedded-8-S1-T4", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A10", "Number", "embedded-8-S1-T4", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A11", "Person", "embedded-8-S1-T4", "3" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A12", "Tense", "embedded-8-S1-T4", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A13", "Voice", "embedded-8-S1-T4", "Act" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A14", "Mood", "embedded-8-S1-T6", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A15", "Number", "embedded-8-S1-T6", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A16", "Person", "embedded-8-S1-T6", "3" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A17", "Voice", "embedded-8-S1-T6", "Act" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A18", "Case", "embedded-8-S1-T7", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A19", "Gender", "embedded-8-S1-T7", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-A20", "Number", "embedded-8-S1-T7", "Plur" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R2", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R4", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R5", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R6", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-S1-R8", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-S1-T9" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: πολύς" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADJ" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: από" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADP" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: αυτός" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PRON" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: κινδυνεύω" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VERB" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: να" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PART" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: μένω" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VERB" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: άστεγος" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ADJ" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: \"" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PUNCT" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PUNCT" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T6", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-8-S1-T7", "embedded-8-S1-T6", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "8" ],
    "text": "Πολλοί από αυτούς κινδυνεύουν να μείνουν άστεγοι \" .",
    "error": false
}

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 1 cop	color:blue
1	Είναι	είμαι	VERB	VERB	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass	3	cop	_	_
2	ένα	ένας	PRON	PRON	Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	πλέγμα	πλέγμα	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	έργων	έργο	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
5	το	ο	PRON	PRON	Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	οποίο	οποίος	PRON	PRON	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
7	μεταξύ	μεταξύ	ADP	ADP	_	8	case	_	_
8	άλλων	άλλος	PRON	PRON	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Ind	9	nmod	_	_
9	περιλαμβάνει	περιλαμβάνω	VERB	VERB	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act	3	acl:relcl	_	_
10	:	:	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	3	punct	_	_

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 4 cop	color:blue
1	η	ο	PRON	PRON	Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Ομάδα	ομάδα	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	μας	μου	PRON	PRON	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nmod	_	_
4	είναι	είμαι	VERB	VERB	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass	8	cop	_	_
5	υπέρ	υπέρ	ADP	ADP	_	8	case	_	_
6	του	ο	PRON	PRON	Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	να	να	PART	PART	_	8	aux	_	_
8	αποκτήσουμε	αποκτώ	VERB	VERB	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
9	καθεστώς	καθεστώς	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing	8	dobj	_	_
10	βουλευτών	βουλευτής	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
11	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	8	punct	_	_

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