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cop: copula

A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible.

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Bill är en ärlig man \n Bill is an honest man
cop(man-5, är)
nsubj(man-5, Bill-1)
amod(man-5, ärlig)
det(man-5, en)
{
    "text": "Bill är en ärlig man \n Bill is an honest man ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 11, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 23, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 28, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 34, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 41, 44 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R4", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

Prepositional phrases are annotated similarly, the only difference being that the nominal predicate has an additional case marker.

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Bill är från Kalifornien \n Bill is from California
case(Kalifornien, från)
cop(Kalifornien, är)
nsubj(Kalifornien, Bill-1)
{
    "text": "Bill är från Kalifornien \n Bill is from California ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 27, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 32, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 35, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 40, 50 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R3", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

When an adjective or adverb is being predicated of a nominal phrase, the adjective/adverb is the root, the nominal phrase is the nsubj, and the copula is the cop.

Bill är ärlig \n Bill is honest
nsubj(ärlig, Bill-1)
cop(ärlig, är)

Det var igår \n It was yesterday
nsubj(igår, Det)
cop(igår, var)

Prepositions may also project a cop dependent.

Ljuset är på \n The light is on
cop(på, är)
nsubj(på, Ljuset)

In predicative wh-constructions, the fronted wh-word is the head, and the copula is another cop.

Vad är det ? \n What is that ?
cop(Vad, är)
nsubj(Vad, det)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)

This relation is universal.

1619 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.

1456 instances of cop (90%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 2.33539221741816.

The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-VERB (958; 59% instances), NOUN-VERB (562; 35% instances), PRON-VERB (61; 4% instances), ADV-VERB (13; 1% instances), NUM-VERB (10; 1% instances), ADP-VERB (7; 0% instances), DET-VERB (3; 0% instances), PROPN-VERB (3; 0% instances), VERB-VERB (2; 0% instances).

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 5 cop	color:blue
1	Man	man	PRON	PN|UTR|SIN|IND|SUB	Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Com|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nsubj	_	_
2	har	ha	VERB	VB|PRS|AKT	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
3	anledning	anledning	NOUN	NN|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM	Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Com|Number=Sing	2	dobj	_	_
4	att	att	PART	IE	_	6	mark	_	_
5	vara	vara	VERB	VB|INF|AKT	VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act	6	cop	_	_
6	pessimistisk	pessimistisk	ADJ	JJ|POS|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM	Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Com|Number=Sing	3	acl	_	_
7	.	.	PUNCT	MAD	_	2	punct	_	_

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 7 cop	color:blue
1	Sakta	sakta	ADJ	JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|IND/DEF|NOM	Case=Nom|Degree=Pos	10	nsubj	_	_
2	och	och	CONJ	KN	_	1	cc	_	_
3	kanske	kanske	ADV	AB	_	6	advmod	_	_
4	rent	ren	ADV	AB|POS	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	_
5	av	av	ADP	PP	_	4	mwe	_	_
6	avsaktande	avsaktande	ADJ	JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|IND/DEF|NOM	Case=Nom|Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
7	är	vara	VERB	VB|PRS|AKT	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	10	cop	_	_
8	det	en	DET	DT|NEU|SIN|DEF	Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	rätta	rätt	ADJ	JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM	Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing	10	det	_	_
10	ordet	ord	NOUN	NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM	Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	.	.	PUNCT	MAD	_	10	punct	_	_

# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 2 cop	color:blue
1	Annat	annan	PRON	PN|NEU|SIN|IND|SUB/OBJ	Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	var	vara	VERB	VB|PRT|AKT	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	1	cop	_	_
3	det	den	PRON	PN|NEU|SIN|DEF|SUB/OBJ	Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs	1	nsubj	_	_
4	i	i	ADP	PP	_	5	case	_	_
5	bondesamhället	bondesamhälle	NOUN	NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM	Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	.	.	PUNCT	MAD	_	1	punct	_	_

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish-LinES)

This relation is universal.

1201 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.

1133 instances of cop (94%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 2.24229808492923.

The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-VERB (548; 46% instances), NOUN-VERB (389; 32% instances), PRON-VERB (108; 9% instances), VERB-VERB (98; 8% instances), PROPN-VERB (32; 3% instances), ADV-VERB (12; 1% instances), ADP-VERB (8; 1% instances), NUM-VERB (5; 0% instances), SCONJ-VERB (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 5 cop	color:blue
1	Sådana	_	ADJ	POS-PL-IND	_	2	det	_	_
2	kontroller	_	NOUN	PL-IND-NOM	_	6	nsubj	_	_
3	kommer	_	AUX	PRES-AUX	_	6	aux	_	_
4	att	_	PART	_	_	6	mark	_	_
5	vara	_	VERB	INF-ACT	_	6	cop	_	_
6	obundna	_	ADJ	POS-PL-IND	_	0	root	_	_
7	på	_	ADP	_	_	8	case	_	_
8	sidan	_	NOUN	SG-DEF-NOM	_	6	nmod	_	_
9	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	6	punct	_	_

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 4 cop	color:blue
1	De	_	DET	PL-DEF	_	3	det	_	_
2	övriga	_	ADJ	POS-PL-IND	_	3	amod	_	_
3	fälten	_	NOUN	PL-DEF-NOM	_	6	nsubj	_	_
4	är	_	VERB	PRES-ACT	_	6	cop	_	_
5	yttre	_	ADJ	CMP	_	6	amod	_	_
6	fält	_	NOUN	IND-NOM	_	0	root	_	_
7	.	_	PUNCT	Period	_	6	punct	_	_

# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 8 cop	color:blue
1	Ni	_	PRON	PERS-P2PL-NOM	_	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sitter	_	VERB	PRES-ACT	_	0	root	_	_
3	där	_	ADV	_	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	och	_	CONJ	_	_	2	cc	_	_
5	tänker	_	VERB	PRES-ACT	_	2	conj	_	_
6	:	_	PUNCT	_	_	2	punct	_	_
7	Vem	_	PRON	WH-SG	_	5	dobj	_	_
8	är	_	VERB	PRES-ACT	_	7	cop	_	_
9	den	_	DET	SG-DEF	_	10	det	_	_
10	person	_	NOUN	SG-IND-NOM	_	7	nsubj	_	_
11	som	_	SCONJ	REL	_	12	mark	_	_
12	talar	_	VERB	PRES-ACT	_	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	till	_	ADP	_	_	14	case	_	_
14	mig	_	PRON	PERS-P1SG-ACC	_	12	nmod	_	_
15	?	_	PUNCT	QuestionMark	_	2	punct	_	_

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