cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible.
Bill är en ärlig man \n Bill is an honest man
cop(man-5, är)
nsubj(man-5, Bill-1)
amod(man-5, ärlig)
det(man-5, en)
Prepositional phrases are annotated similarly, the only difference being that the nominal predicate has an additional case marker.
Bill är från Kalifornien \n Bill is from California
case(Kalifornien, från)
cop(Kalifornien, är)
nsubj(Kalifornien, Bill-1)
When an adjective or adverb is being predicated of a nominal phrase, the adjective/adverb is the root, the nominal phrase is the nsubj, and the copula is the cop.
Bill är ärlig \n Bill is honest
nsubj(ärlig, Bill-1)
cop(ärlig, är)
Det var igår \n It was yesterday
nsubj(igår, Det)
cop(igår, var)
Prepositions may also project a cop dependent.
Ljuset är på \n The light is on
cop(på, är)
nsubj(på, Ljuset)
In predicative wh-constructions, the fronted wh-word is the head, and the copula is another cop.
Vad är det ? \n What is that ?
cop(Vad, är)
nsubj(Vad, det)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This relation is universal.
1619 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
1456 instances of cop (90%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.33539221741816.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/VERB (958; 59% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/VERB (562; 35% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/VERB (61; 4% instances), sv-pos/ADV-sv-pos/VERB (13; 1% instances), sv-pos/NUM-sv-pos/VERB (10; 1% instances), sv-pos/ADP-sv-pos/VERB (7; 0% instances), sv-pos/DET-sv-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/PROPN-sv-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 5 cop color:blue
1 Man man PRON PN|UTR|SIN|IND|SUB Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Com|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 2 nsubj _ _
2 har ha VERB VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 anledning anledning NOUN NN|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
4 att att PART IE _ 6 mark _ _
5 vara vara VERB VB|INF|AKT VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
6 pessimistisk pessimistisk ADJ JJ|POS|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 3 acl _ _
7 . . PUNCT MAD _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 7 cop color:blue
1 Sakta sakta ADJ JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|IND/DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Degree=Pos 10 nsubj _ _
2 och och CONJ KN _ 1 cc _ _
3 kanske kanske ADV AB _ 6 advmod _ _
4 rent ren ADV AB|POS Degree=Pos 6 advmod _ _
5 av av ADP PP _ 4 mwe _ _
6 avsaktande avsaktande ADJ JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|IND/DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Degree=Pos 1 conj _ _
7 är vara VERB VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 10 cop _ _
8 det en DET DT|NEU|SIN|DEF Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 10 det _ _
9 rätta rätt ADJ JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 10 det _ _
10 ordet ord NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
11 . . PUNCT MAD _ 10 punct _ _
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 2 cop color:blue
1 Annat annan PRON PN|NEU|SIN|IND|SUB/OBJ Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 0 root _ _
2 var vara VERB VB|PRT|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 cop _ _
3 det den PRON PN|NEU|SIN|DEF|SUB/OBJ Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs 1 nsubj _ _
4 i i ADP PP _ 5 case _ _
5 bondesamhället bondesamhälle NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
6 . . PUNCT MAD _ 1 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish-LinES)
This relation is universal.
1201 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
1133 instances of cop (94%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.24229808492923.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/VERB (548; 46% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/VERB (389; 32% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/VERB (108; 9% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/VERB (98; 8% instances), sv-pos/PROPN-sv-pos/VERB (32; 3% instances), sv-pos/ADV-sv-pos/VERB (12; 1% instances), sv-pos/ADP-sv-pos/VERB (8; 1% instances), sv-pos/NUM-sv-pos/VERB (5; 0% instances), sv-pos/SCONJ-sv-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 5 cop color:blue
1 Sådana _ ADJ POS-PL-IND _ 2 det _ _
2 kontroller _ NOUN PL-IND-NOM _ 6 nsubj _ _
3 kommer _ AUX PRES-AUX _ 6 aux _ _
4 att _ PART _ _ 6 mark _ _
5 vara _ VERB INF-ACT _ 6 cop _ _
6 obundna _ ADJ POS-PL-IND _ 0 root _ _
7 på _ ADP _ _ 8 case _ _
8 sidan _ NOUN SG-DEF-NOM _ 6 nmod _ _
9 . _ PUNCT Period _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 4 cop color:blue
1 De _ DET PL-DEF _ 3 det _ _
2 övriga _ ADJ POS-PL-IND _ 3 amod _ _
3 fälten _ NOUN PL-DEF-NOM _ 6 nsubj _ _
4 är _ VERB PRES-ACT _ 6 cop _ _
5 yttre _ ADJ CMP _ 6 amod _ _
6 fält _ NOUN IND-NOM _ 0 root _ _
7 . _ PUNCT Period _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 8 cop color:blue
1 Ni _ PRON PERS-P2PL-NOM _ 2 nsubj _ _
2 sitter _ VERB PRES-ACT _ 0 root _ _
3 där _ ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ _
4 och _ CONJ _ _ 2 cc _ _
5 tänker _ VERB PRES-ACT _ 2 conj _ _
6 : _ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ _
7 Vem _ PRON WH-SG _ 5 dobj _ _
8 är _ VERB PRES-ACT _ 7 cop _ _
9 den _ DET SG-DEF _ 10 det _ _
10 person _ NOUN SG-IND-NOM _ 7 nsubj _ _
11 som _ SCONJ REL _ 12 mark _ _
12 talar _ VERB PRES-ACT _ 10 acl:relcl _ _
13 till _ ADP _ _ 14 case _ _
14 mig _ PRON PERS-P1SG-ACC _ 12 nmod _ _
15 ? _ PUNCT QuestionMark _ 2 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]