cop: copula
A copula is the relation between a subject complement and a copular verb or copular suffix. We always mark copula as dependent of the subject complement.
In Turkish, the auxiliary verb ol- and in some constructions the negative particle değil act like a free copula. The main means of forming copular constructions, however, is through the bound morpheme -(y), and (infrequently) its clitic form i-. Since the morpheme -(y) consists only of a “buffer” consonant, in some morphological contexts, it is not realized.
Copular morphemes carry features, e.g., Number, Person, that may conflict with the complement they are attached to. Furthermore, the copular suffixes can also attach to verbal nouns, causing conflicting dependency relations besides more feature conflicts. As a result, all copular markers, including the “zero copula” are considered as a separate syntactic tokens.
Güzel olacak . \n (He\/she\/it) will be beautiful
cop(Güzel, olacak)
Güzel idi . (He\/she\/it) was beautiful
cop(Güzel, idi)
Güzel –di . (He\/she\/it) was beautiful
cop(Güzel, –di)
Güzel –im . \n I am beautiful
cop(Güzel, –im)
Güzel –0 . \n He\/she\/it is beautiful (–0 represents the zero morpheme)
cop(Güzel, –0)
When an overt subject is present, it is headed by the subject complement (not the copula).
Kitap güzel –0 . \n The book is nice\/beautiful
cop(güzel, –0)
nsubj(güzel, Kitap)
Kitap güzel olacak . \n The book will be nice\/beautiful
cop(güzel, olacak)
nsubj(güzel, Kitap)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)
This relation is universal.
864 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
863 instances of cop (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.05902777777778.
The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: tr-pos/NOUN-tr-pos/AUX (309; 36% instances), tr-pos/ADJ-tr-pos/AUX (256; 30% instances), tr-pos/PRON-tr-pos/AUX (60; 7% instances), tr-pos/ADV-tr-pos/AUX (52; 6% instances), tr-pos/NOUN-tr-pos/VERB (50; 6% instances), tr-pos/VERB-tr-pos/AUX (44; 5% instances), tr-pos/ADJ-tr-pos/VERB (36; 4% instances), tr-pos/VERB-tr-pos/VERB (20; 2% instances), tr-pos/ADP-tr-pos/AUX (18; 2% instances), tr-pos/PROPN-tr-pos/AUX (11; 1% instances), tr-pos/PRON-tr-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), tr-pos/ADV-tr-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), tr-pos/DET-tr-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), tr-pos/NUM-tr-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), tr-pos/NUM-tr-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
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1 Bir bir NUM ANum NumType=Card 2 det _ _
2 yasaklamanın yasakla VERB Verb Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger 3 nmod _ _
3 içinde içinde NOUN Noun Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ _
4 ydik i AUX Zero Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past 3 cop _ _
5 . . PUNCT Punc _ 3 punct _ _
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1 Rokfor'un Rokfor PROPN Prop Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 nmod:poss _ _
2 efsanesi efsane NOUN Noun Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person=3|Person[psor]=3 9 conj _ _
3 : : PUNCT Punc _ 2 punct _ _
4 Vaktiyle vakit NOUN Noun Case=Ins|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person=3|Person[psor]=3 9 nmod _ _
5 , , PUNCT Punc _ 9 punct _ _
6 genç genç ADJ Adj _ 8 amod _ _
7 bir bir NUM ANum NumType=Card 8 det _ _
8 çoban çoban NOUN Noun Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3 9 nsubj _ _
9 var var ADJ NAdj Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ _
10 mış i AUX Zero Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past 9 cop _ _
11 . . PUNCT Punc _ 9 punct _ _
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1 ? kim PRON Ques Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 ccomp _ _
2 imsiniz i AUX Zero Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres 1 cop _ _
3 ? ? PUNCT Punc _ 4 punct _ _
4 dedi de VERB Verb Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past 0 root _ _
5 bir bir NUM ANum NumType=Card 6 det _ _
6 erkek erkek ADJ NAdj Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3 7 nmod:poss _ _
7 sesi ses NOUN Noun Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person=3|Person[psor]=3 4 nsubj _ _
8 . . PUNCT Punc _ 4 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]