Person: person
In Turkish, Person is a feature of personal pronouns, and verbs.
Person marking on verbs are obligatory in Turkish for all finite verb forms.
The Person marker on predicates indicate the subject when there is
no overt subject.
The verbal markers for person and number are composite, and their form change depending on the other suffixes attached to the verb.
The person/number marker of verbs may also be attached to the question particle -mI (-mi/mı/mu/mü), which is written separately.
METU-Sabancı treebank marks all nouns as having 3rd person agreement marker.
We do not mark nouns for Person.
1: first person
In singular, the first person refers just to the speaker / author. In plural, it must include the speaker and one or more additional persons.
It is used for pronouns ben ‘I’ and biz ‘we’ and their inflected forms, and verbs with a first person plural/singular agreement suffix.
Examples
- ben ‘I’
- benimle ‘with me’
- bizimki ‘the one that belongs to us’
- (ben) okudum ‘I read-PAST’ – note the optionality of the subject
- (biz) okuyacağız ‘We read-FUT’
2: second person
In singular, the second person refers to the addressee of the utterance / text. In plural, it may mean several addressees and optionally some third persons too.
It is used for pronouns sen ‘you-SING’ and siz ‘you-PLU’ and their inflected forms, and verbs with a second person plural/singular agreement suffix.
The second person singular agreement suffix is null for verbs in imperative form.
Examples
- seni ‘you(SG)-ACC’
- sizinle ‘with you(PL)’
- sizde ‘you(PL)-LOC - on/at you(PL)’
- oku! ‘read!’
- (sen) okudun ‘you(SG) read-PAST’
- (siz) okuyacaksınız ‘you(PL) read-FUT’
3: third person
The third person refers to one or more persons that are neither speakers nor addressees.
It is used for pronouns o ‘he/she/it’ and onlar ‘they’ and their inflected forms, and verbs with a second third plural/singular agreement suffix. The third person singular agreement suffix is null in most cases.
Examples
- ona ‘he/she/it-DAT’
- onlarla ‘with them’
- (o) okudu ‘he/she read-PAST’
- (onlar) okudu(lar) ‘they read-PAST’ – note the optionality of the agreement on the verb
- okudular ‘they read-PAST’
Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: 1, 2, 3.
This is a layered feature with the following layers: Person, Person[psor].
30309 tokens (52%) have a non-empty value of Person.
14524 types (85%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person.
4873 lemmas (83%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person.
The feature is used with 10 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/NOUN (15733; 27% instances), tr-pos/VERB (6362; 11% instances), tr-pos/ADJ (2414; 4% instances), tr-pos/PROPN (2180; 4% instances), tr-pos/PRON (2148; 4% instances), tr-pos/AUX (955; 2% instances), tr-pos/NUM (320; 1% instances), tr-pos/ADP (194; 0% instances), tr-pos/X (2; 0% instances), tr-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances).
NOUN
15733 tr-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Person co-occurred: Number=Sing (13417; 85%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (10739; 68%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (10739; 68%), Case=Nom (8546; 54%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(15733; 100% of non-emptyPerson): şey, zaman, gün, adam, gece, yıl, bilim, önem, ev, evet
Person seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 100% lemmas (2969) occur only with one value of Person.
VERB
6362 tr-pos/VERB tokens (58% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Person co-occurred: Number[psor]=EMPTY (6362; 100%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (6362; 100%), Case=EMPTY (6362; 100%), VerbForm=EMPTY (6271; 99%), Voice=EMPTY (5572; 88%), Negative=Pos (5481; 86%), Number=Sing (5367; 84%), Mood=Ind (5054; 79%), Register=EMPTY (5001; 79%), Aspect=Perf (3884; 61%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(1466; 23% of non-emptyPerson): dedim, bilmiyorum, biliyorum, ettim, değilim, sordum, gördüm, bakalım, istiyorum, gidiyoruz2(657; 10% of non-emptyPerson): var, bakın, bak, anlattın, biliyorsunuz, gerek, gel, geldiniz, al, at3(4239; 67% of non-emptyPerson): dedi, oldu, değil, söyledi, olur, etti, geldi, verdi, diyor, baktıEMPTY(4695): olan, olduğunu, olduğu, gelen, eden, demek, yapılan, olması, olmadığını, yapan
| Paradigm ol | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspect=Imp|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=AorPast | olmazmış | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=AorPast | olurmuş | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor | olamam | olamazsın | olamaz |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=AorPast | olamazdım | olamazdı | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor | olabilirim | olabilirsin | olabilir |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=AorPast | olabilirdi | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor | olmazsa | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor | olursan | olursa | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor | olurlarsa | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor | olmam | olmaz | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor | olursun | olur | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=AorPast | olurdum | olurdu | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor | oluruz | olurlar | |
| Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olmuşlarsa | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olmuştur | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olmuşlardır | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olmamış | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olmuş | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olmuşlar | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut | olamayacak | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olabildi | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut | olacaksa | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olduysa | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olmasam | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olmasanız | olmasalar | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olsaydım | olsaydı | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olsam | olsa | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=GenNec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olmalıdır | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut | olacaktır | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olmasın | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | ol | olsun | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olun | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut | olmayacak | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=FutPast | olmayacaktı | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olmadı | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Pqp | olmamıştı | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Fut | olmayacağız | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut | olacaksın | olacak | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=FutPast | olacaktı | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | oldum | oldun | oldu |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Pqp | olmuştum | olmuştu | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Fut | olacağız | olacaksınız | olacaklar |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olduk | oldular | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olmalıydı | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olmalıyım | olmalısın | olmalı |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olmalıyız | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olmaya | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olmayalım | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | ola | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olalım | ||
| Aspect=Prog|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Register=Inf|Tense=Past | oluyormuş | ||
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres | olabiliyorsun | olabiliyor | |
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Register=Inf|Tense=Past|Voice=Pass | olunmuyordu | ||
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres | olmuyor | ||
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres | olmuyorlar | ||
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Register=Inf|Tense=Past | oluyordum | oluyordu | |
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres | oluyorum | oluyorsun | oluyor |
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Register=Inf|Tense=Past | oluyorlardı | ||
| Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres | oluyoruz | oluyorsunuz | oluyorlar |
ADJ
2414 tr-pos/ADJ tokens (42% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Person co-occurred: Number=Sing (2092; 87%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (1484; 61%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (1484; 61%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(2414; 100% of non-emptyPerson): içinde, kadın, var, arasında, kız, yok, ortaya, arada, içine, yanındaEMPTY(3296): var, yeni, büyük, iyi, aynı, son, başka, bütün, çok, yok
Person seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (418) occur only with one value of Person.
PROPN
2180 tr-pos/PROPN tokens (100% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Person co-occurred: Number=Sing (2170; 100%), Case=Nom (1518; 70%).
PROPN tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(2180; 100% of non-emptyPerson): Kerem, Türkiye, Ayhan, Kemal, Ramiz, Recep, Türkiye’nin, Mebrure, Gül, Naci
Person seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 100% lemmas (811) occur only with one value of Person.
PRON
2148 tr-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Person co-occurred: Number[psor]=EMPTY (1802; 84%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (1802; 84%), Number=Sing (1695; 79%), PronType=Prs (1189; 55%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(643; 30% of non-emptyPerson): ben, bana, beni, benim, biz, bize, bizim, bence, bizi, kendimi2(257; 12% of non-emptyPerson): sen, sana, senin, siz, seni, size, sizi, seninle, sizin, kendini3(1248; 58% of non-emptyPerson): o, ne, bu, onu, onun, ona, kendi, bunu, bunlar, biri
| Paradigm kendi | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case=Abl|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendinden, kendisinden | ||
| Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendimi | kendini | kendini, kendisini |
| Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur | kendimizi | kendinizi | kendilerini |
| Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendime | kendine | kendisine, kendine |
| Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur | kendimize | kendinize | kendilerine |
| Case=Equ|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendince | ||
| Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendisinin, kendinin | ||
| Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur | kendilerinin | ||
| Case=Ins|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendinle | kendisiyle | |
| Case=Ins|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur | kendileriyle | ||
| Case=Loc|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur | kendilerinde | ||
| Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing | kendim | kendi, kendisi | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur | kendiniz | kendileri |
AUX
955 tr-pos/AUX tokens (98% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Person co-occurred: Aspect=Perf (955; 100%), Number=Sing (861; 90%), Mood=Ind (676; 71%), Tense=Pres (611; 64%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(135; 14% of non-emptyPerson): im, yim, yım, ydim, ım, mıyım, ız, yız, iz, ydik2(70; 7% of non-emptyPerson): musun, musunuz, sınız, misin, sın, erdeydin, imsiniz, mısın, misiniz, sin3(750; 79% of non-emptyPerson): mi, mı, dır, dir, ydi, dı, ydı, tu, mu, durEMPTY(21): ken, yken, irerken, okurken
| Paradigm i | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | ymışım | mışsın | mış, ymiş, ymış, eymiş, miş, ymuş, müş, immiş, ostakoviç'miş, ayoşmuş, edenmiş |
| Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Trans | ymişçesine | ||
| Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | ymışız | ||
| Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | sem | sa, se, yse, ysa, imse, siyse | |
| Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | dır, dir, dur, tir, tur, tır, dür, edir, tür, 'dır, ledir, edendir, ir, üdür | ||
| Mood=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | sinizdir | lerdir, lardır, dırlar, etinlerdir, durlar | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | ydim, ydım, tum, ydum, dım, dim, dum, düm, tım | erdeydin, ydin, din | ydi, dı, ydı, tu, ydu, tı, di, ti, du, dü, eydi, 'ydı, tü, 'di, 'ydi, 'tı, eredeydi, 'dı, ydü |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | im, yim, yım, ım, yum, üm, akutistan'dayım | sın, sin, usevisin, eredesin, sun, s'ın | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | ydik, ydık, duk, dik | ydınız | tılar, ydılar, ydiler, dular |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ız, yız, iz, yiz, yüz, yuz | sınız, imsiniz, sunuz, eredesiniz, lırsınız | lar, ler |
NUM
320 tr-pos/NUM tokens (16% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Person co-occurred: Number=Sing (307; 96%), NumType=Card (300; 94%), Case=Nom (182; 57%).
NUM tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(320; 100% of non-emptyPerson): yüzde, bir, biri, onlarla, iki, ikibiniki, otuz, bin, birincisi, onEMPTY(1730): bir, iki, üç, bin, dört, on, beş, altı, milyon, İki
Person seems to be lexical feature of NUM. 100% lemmas (100) occur only with one value of Person.
ADP
194 tr-pos/ADP tokens (9% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
ADP tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(194; 100% of non-emptyPerson): lık, lik, lar, a, ler, ki, ları, ların, ı, eEMPTY(2048): ki, için, gibi, diye, kadar, li, lı, olarak, sonra, önce
X
2 tr-pos/X tokens (8% of all X tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which X and Person co-occurred: Echo=EMPTY (2; 100%).
X tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(2; 100% of non-emptyPerson): 1854’te, 4’tenEMPTY(23): pırıl, tıklım, fıkır, gürül, pıtır, takır, Abuk, apar, haşır, pörçük
CONJ
1 tr-pos/CONJ tokens (0% of all CONJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
CONJ tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(1; 100% of non-emptyPerson): miEMPTY(2259): ve, de, da, ama, ki, ile, ya, ise, ancak, değil
Relations with Agreement in Person
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Person:
NOUN –[nmod:poss]–> NOUN (2001; 100%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> NOUN (1197; 77%),
NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (1114; 100%),
NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (747; 100%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (590; 62%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> PROPN (424; 86%),
NOUN –[nmod:poss]–> PROPN (365; 100%),
ADJ –[nmod:poss]–> NOUN (349; 100%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> PRON (331; 83%),
PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (322; 100%).
Person in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]