cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the nominal predicate (přísudek jmenný) and
the copular verb být “to be” (or its variants bývat, bývávat).
The verb stát se “to become”, despite being counted among copular verbs by some authors,
is not analyzed as cop.
We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement (the nominal predicate). The nominal predicate is usually a noun, an adjective or a participle.
Ondřej je čestný muž . \n Ondřej is honest man .
cop(muž, je)
cop(man, is)
Ondřej je čestný . \n Ondřej is honest .
cop(čestný, je)
cop(honest, is)
Note that the passive participle may be also used as nominal predicate with copula. Hence it may be difficult to distinguish a passive construction from a copula construction. The former focuses on the process while the latter emphasizes the result.
- Passive: Smlouva byla.
AUXpodepsána v Bílém domě. “The contract was signed in the White House.” - Copula: Smlouva byla.
VERBpodepsána červeným inkoustem. “The contract was signed in red ink.”
Smlouva byla podepsána v Bílém domě . \n Contract was signed in White House .
auxpass(podepsána, byla)
auxpass(signed, was)
Smlouva byla podepsána červeným inkoustem . \n Contract was signed in-red ink .
cop(podepsána, byla)
cop(signed, was)
The nominal predicate may also be expressed using a prepositional phrase. However, not every occurrence of být “to be” with a prepositional phrase is a copula with a nominal predicate. Phrases expressing the state of the subject are predicates, e.g. Lenka je v kondici “Lenka is in shape”. In contrast, prepositional phrases specifying location are not predicates. The verb být is understood as the existential “to be” in such cases, and thus it itself is the predicate, not just a copula.
Thus the following two sentences receive parallel analyses:
- Lenka je skvělá. “Lenka is brilliant.”
- Lenka je v kondici. “Lenka is in shape.”
The following two will be parallel, too:
- Lenka je v kuchyni. “Lenka is in the kitchen.”
- Lenka zůstala v kuchyni. “Lenka stayed in the kitchen.”
Lenka je v kondici . \n Lenka is in shape .
cop(kondici, je)
cop(shape, is)
case(kondici, v)
case(shape, in)
nsubj(kondici, Lenka-1)
nsubj(shape, Lenka-7)
Lenka je v kuchyni . \n Lenka is in kitchen .
nsubj(je, Lenka-1)
nsubj(is, Lenka-7)
nmod(je, kuchyni)
nmod(is, kitchen)
case(kuchyni, v)
case(kitchen, in)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
20598 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
17238 instances of cop (84%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.36270511700165.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (9163; 44% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (7524; 37% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (2419; 12% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (735; 4% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (466; 2% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (192; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/VERB (67; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/VERB (17; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/VERB (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances).
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1 Změny změna NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _
2 jsou být VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop _ _
3 citelné citelný ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 3 punct _ _
5 je být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
6 třeba třeba ADJ ACNS------A---- Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Variant=Short 3 conj _ LId=třeba-1
7 je on PRON PPXP4--3------- Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 dobj _ LId=on-1|LGloss=(oni/ono)
8 lépe dobře ADV Dg-------2A---- Degree=Cmp|Negative=Pos 9 advmod _ _
9 prezentovat prezentovat VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 6 csubj _ _
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1 BESO Beso PROPN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
2 a a CONJ J^------------- _ 1 cc _ LId=a-1
3 SES SES PROPN NNXXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|NameType=Com|Negative=Pos 1 conj _ _
4 jsou být VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
5 dvě dva NUM ClHP1---------- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur|NumForm=Word|NumType=Card|NumValue=1,2,3 6 nummod _ LNumValue=2
6 organizace organizace NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
7 se s ADP RV--7---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Ins 9 case _ LId=s-1
8 stejným stejný ADJ AANS7----1A---- Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 posláním poslání NOUN NNNS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No|LDeriv=poslat
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 6 punct _ _
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1 Většinou většina NOUN NNFS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
2 byly být VERB VpTP---XR-AA--- Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 3 cop _ _
3 určeny určit VERB VsTP---XX-AP--- Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
4 na na ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 5 case _ LId=na-1
5 vývoz vývoz NOUN NNIS4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 3 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This relation is universal.
8149 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
7037 instances of cop (86%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.18591238188735.
The following 32 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (3376; 41% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (2534; 31% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (1175; 14% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (393; 5% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (374; 5% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (157; 2% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/VERB (47; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/SYM (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/VERB (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/VERB (10; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/VERB (8; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADJ (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/AUX (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (6; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (5; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/SYM (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/INTJ-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SCONJ-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SCONJ-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances).
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1 Stav stav NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _
2 a a CONJ J^------------- _ 1 cc _ LId=a-1
3 využívání využívání NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 conj _ LDeriv=využít
4 půdního půdní ADJ AAIS2----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
5 fondu fond NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
6 jsou být VERB VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 cop _ _
7 u u ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 8 case _ LId=u-1
8 nás já PRON PP-P2--1------- Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 nmod _ _
9 neuspokojivé uspokojivý ADJ AAIP1----1N---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 9 punct _ _
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1 Prvním první ADJ CrIS7---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|NumType=Ord 2 amod _ _
2 požadavkem požadavek NOUN NNIS7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 tělesné tělesný ADJ AAFS2----1A---- Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
4 a a CONJ J^------------- _ 3 cc _ LId=a-1
5 duševní duševní ADJ AAFS2----1A---- Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 conj _ _
6 rehabilitace rehabilitace NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
7 je být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 cop _ _
8 tedy tedy ADV Dg-------1A---- Degree=Pos|Negative=Pos 2 advmod _ _
9 ticho ticho NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Upřesněný upřesněný ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 amod _ LDeriv=upřesnit
2 realizační realizační ADJ AAIS1----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _
3 program program NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ LId=program-1
4 je být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _
5 zaměřen zaměřit VERB VsYS---XX-AP--- Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
6 na na ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 9 case _ LId=na-1
7 tyto tento DET PDIP4---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 9 det _ _
8 hlavní hlavní ADJ AAIP4----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 9 amod _ _
9 úkoly úkol NOUN NNIP4-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This relation is universal.
437 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
402 instances of cop (92%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.29061784897025.
The following 13 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/VERB (177; 41% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/VERB (133; 30% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/VERB (82; 19% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/X (15; 3% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/X (12; 3% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (3; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/AUX (3; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
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1 (5) (5) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
2 Rezervy rezerva NOUN NNFP4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 dobj _ _
3 není být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop _ _
4 možné možný ADJ AANS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 používat používat VERB Vf--------A---- Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 4 csubj _ _
6 k k ADP RR--3---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Dat 7 case _ LId=k-1
7 úpravám úprava NOUN NNFP3-----A---- Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 5 nmod _ _
8 výše výše NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 7 nmod _ _
9 ocenění ocenění NOUN NNNS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _
10 aktiv aktivum NOUN NNNP2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No|LId=aktivum-1
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Účetní účetní ADJ AANS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 2 amod _ LId=účetní-1
2 období období NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 se se PRON P7-X4---------- Case=Acc|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short 5 expl _ _
4 buď buď CONJ J^------------- _ 5 cc _ _
5 shoduje shodovat VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
6 s s ADP RR--7---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Ins 8 case _ LId=s-1
7 kalendářním kalendářní ADJ AAIS7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
8 rokem rok NOUN NNIS7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 dobj _ _
9 nebo nebo CONJ J^------------- _ 5 cc _ _
10 je být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 12 cop _ _
11 hospodářským hospodářský ADJ AAIS7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 12 amod _ _
12 rokem rok NOUN NNIS7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 5 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Stanovení stanovení NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _
2 těchto tento DET PDXP2---------- Case=Gen|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 3 det _ _
3 povinností povinnost NOUN NNFP2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
4 na na ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 6 case _ LId=na-1
5 smluvním smluvní ADJ AAIS6----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 základě základ NOUN NNIS6-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
7 není být VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 8 cop _ _
8 dotčeno dotknout VERB VsNS---XX-AP--- Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 8 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]