cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the nominal predicate and
the copular verb быть “to be” (or its variants бывал, был).
The verb становиться “to become”, despite being counted among copular verbs by some authors,
is not analyzed as cop.
We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement (the nominal predicate). The nominal predicate is usually a noun, an adjective or a participle.
Андрей был честным человеком . \n Andrew was an honest man .
cop(человеком, был)
cop(man, was)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This relation is universal.
544 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
434 instances of cop (80%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.13419117647059.
The following 6 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/VERB (352; 65% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/VERB (157; 29% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/VERB (27; 5% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (5; 1% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 5 cop color:blue
1 Для _ ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
2 обеих _ NUM CD Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem 3 nummod _ _
3 японок _ NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _
4 это _ DET DT Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _
5 стало _ VERB VBC Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past 7 cop _ _
6 олимпийским _ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 дебютом _ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
8 . _ PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 3 cop color:blue
1 Правый _ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 amod _ _
2 фланг _ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 был _ VERB VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past 5 cop _ _
4 также _ CONJ CC _ 5 cc _ _
5 уязвим _ ADJ JJH Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 . _ PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 1 cop color:blue
1 Был _ VERB VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past 2 cop _ _
2 одним _ NUM CD Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 из _ ADP IN _ 4 case _ _
4 организаторов _ NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Number=Plur 2 nmod _ _
5 борьбы _ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
6 с _ ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
7 филлоксерой _ NOUN NN Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
8 . _ PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This relation is universal.
5083 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as cop.
3726 instances of cop (73%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.86700767263427.
The following 18 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/AUX (2242; 44% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/AUX (1583; 31% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/NOUN (530; 10% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/AUX (499; 10% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/AUX (76; 1% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (37; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NOUN (34; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/AUX (24; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/AUX (17; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/NOUN (11; 0% instances), ru-pos/SCONJ-ru-pos/AUX (10; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/NOUN (6; 0% instances), ru-pos/SYM-ru-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), ru-pos/SCONJ-ru-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/SYM-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 3 cop color:blue
1 Алгоритм АЛГОРИТМ NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
2 должен ДОЛЖЕН ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Brev 0 root _ _
3 быть БЫТЬ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf 4 cop _ _
4 применим ПРИМЕНИМЫЙ ADJ _ Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Brev 2 dobj _ _
5 к К ADP _ _ 7 case _ _
6 разным РАЗНЫЙ ADJ _ Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 7 amod _ _
7 наборам НАБОР NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 dobj _ _
8 исходных ИСХОДНЫЙ ADJ _ Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 9 amod _ _
9 данных ДАННЫЕ NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _
10 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 cop color:blue
1 Для ДЛЯ ADP _ _ 2 case _ _
2 этого ЭТО NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 есть БЫТЬ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 cop _ _
4 внешний ВНЕШНИЙ ADJ _ Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
5 повод ПОВОД NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
6 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 4 cop color:blue
1 Но НО CONJ _ _ 5 cc _ _
2 главное ГЛАВНОЕ NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
3 - - PUNCT - _ 2 punct _ _
4 это ЭТО NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 cop _ _
5 эффективность ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 государства ГОСУДАРСТВО NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]