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Case: case

Case helps specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence. For example, the nominative and accusative cases often distinguish subject and object of the verb, while in fixed-word-order languages these functions would be distinguished merely by the positions of the nouns in the sentence.

In Turkish, case is an inflectional feature of nouns. In some cases, numerals) may also be inflected for case when they are used as nouns. It is also valency feature of postpositions (saying that the adposition requires its argument to be in that case).

Traditionally, Turkish is considered to have 6 cases (nominative is often not listed): Nom, Acc, Gen, Dat, Loc, Abl. We also consider suffix -lA as a case suffix introducing comitative or instrumental case, and mark it as Ins (although the function may sometimes be Com in some of these cases, currently we do not distinguish the two).

Nom: nominative / direct

The base form of the noun, typically used as citation form (lemma).

Acc: accusative

Typically, accusative case in Turkish marks the definite direct object in a sentence. Indefinite direct objects do not receive the accusative suffix, but stays in bare form (Nom).

In Turkish Acc is expressed by suffix -(y)I (ı/i/u/ü/yı/yi/yu/yü).

Examples

Dat: dative

Dative case is typically used to indicate movement into/towards/to a place or time. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) of some postpositions also required to be in dative case.

In Turkish Dat is expressed by suffix -(y)A (e/a/ye/ya).

Examples

Gen: genitive

Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of. Complements of some postpositions are also required to be in genitive case. The genitive morpheme also marks the subject of the subordinate clauses.

In Turkish Gen is expressed by suffix -(n)In.

Examples

Loc: locative

The locative case often expresses location in space or time, which gave it its name. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) also required to be in locative case.

In Turkish Loc is expressed by suffix -DA.

Examples

Ins: instrumental

The role from which the name of the instrumental case is derived is that the noun is used as instrument to do something. In Turkish, instrumental suffix -(y)lA also indicates comitative, or signal coordination of two phrases. We mark all meanings/usages as Ins. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) of some postpositions also required to carry the instrumental suffix.

Traditionally instrumental and comitative are not considered Cases in Turkish.

Examples

Com: comitative / associative

We mark comitative use of -(y)lA as Ins.

Abl: ablative

Prototypical meaning: direction from some point. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) of some postpositions also required to be in ablative case.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This feature is universal but the values Equ are language-specific. It occurs with 8 different values: Abl, Acc, Dat, Equ, Gen, Ins, Loc, Nom.

25161 tokens (43%) have a non-empty value of Case. 12331 types (72%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. 4677 lemmas (80%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. The feature is used with 8 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/NOUN (15733; 27% instances), tr-pos/ADJ (2414; 4% instances), tr-pos/PROPN (2180; 4% instances), tr-pos/VERB (2175; 4% instances), tr-pos/PRON (2148; 4% instances), tr-pos/NUM (320; 1% instances), tr-pos/ADP (189; 0% instances), tr-pos/X (2; 0% instances).

NOUN

15733 tr-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Case co-occurred: Person=3 (15733; 100%), Number=Sing (13417; 85%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (10739; 68%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (10739; 68%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm evNomAccDatGenLocInsAbl
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1evimizievimizin
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=2evinize
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1evimevimieviminevimdeevimden
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2evinievine
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3evievinievineevininevindeevinden
Number=Singevevieveevinevdeevleevden
Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3evlerinievlerineevlerinden
Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3evleriEvleri'nde
Number=PlurevlerevlerievlereevlerinEvlerdeevlerden

ADJ

2414 tr-pos/ADJ tokens (42% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Case co-occurred: Person=3 (2414; 100%), Number=Sing (2092; 87%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (1484; 61%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (1484; 61%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm geçmişNomAccDatGenLocInsAbl
Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1geçmişim
Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3geçmişinigeçmişiyle
geçmişegeçmişingeçmiştegeçmişlegeçmişten

PROPN

2180 tr-pos/PROPN tokens (100% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Case co-occurred: Person=3 (2180; 100%), Number=Sing (2170; 100%).

PROPN tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm TürkiyeNomAccDatGenLocAbl
Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3Türkiye'sinde
TürkiyeTürkiye'yiTürkiye'yeTürkiye'ninTürkiye'deTürkiye'den

VERB

2175 tr-pos/VERB tokens (20% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Case co-occurred: Number=EMPTY (2175; 100%), Person=EMPTY (2175; 100%), Register=EMPTY (2175; 100%), Aspect=Perf (2173; 100%), Mood=Ind (2085; 96%), Negative=Pos (2042; 94%), Voice=EMPTY (1792; 82%), Tense=Pres (1417; 65%), VerbForm=Ger (1417; 65%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm etNomAccDatGenLocInsAbl
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partedemeyeceğini
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geredememe
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passedilebileceğini
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geredebilmek
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partetmeyeceğini
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geretmemesine
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Passedilmemesi
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partedeceğimize
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geretmeniz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partedeceklerini
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partettikleriettiklerini
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partettiğimi
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geretmemietmemden
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partettiğiettiğini, ettiklerini
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=CauPassettirildiğini
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passedildiğiniedildiğinde
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geretmesietmesinietmesinin
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Passedilmesiedilmesini
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Geretmek, etmeetmeyietmeyeetmeninedişlerdeetmekleetmekten
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Cauettirmenin
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Passedilme, edilişedilişin, edilmenin

PRON

2148 tr-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: Person[psor]=EMPTY (1802; 84%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (1802; 84%), Number=Sing (1695; 79%), Person=3 (1248; 58%), PronType=Prs (1189; 55%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm benNomAccDatGenLocInsAblEqu
benbenibanabenim, BENİMbendebenimlebendenbence

NUM

320 tr-pos/NUM tokens (16% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Case co-occurred: Person=3 (320; 100%), Number=Sing (307; 96%), NumType=Card (300; 94%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm ikiNomAccDatGenLocAbl
Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1İkimiz, ikimizikimiziikimizinİkimizden
Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3ikisi, İkisiikisiniikisineİkisinin, ikisininikisindeikisinden
ikiikiye

ADP

189 tr-pos/ADP tokens (8% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

ADP tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm kiNomAccDatGenLocAbl
Number=Singki, nkikinikinekindekinden
Number=Plurkilerkilerikilerekilerin

X

2 tr-pos/X tokens (8% of all X tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which X and Case co-occurred: Echo=EMPTY (2; 100%).

X tokens may have the following values of Case:

Relations with Agreement in Case

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case: NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (580; 78%), PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (243; 75%), VERB –[conj]–> VERB (132; 77%), NOUN –[nsubj]–> NOUN (126; 76%), PROPN –[nmod]–> NOUN (121; 73%), NOUN –[nmod]–> PROPN (101; 57%), NOUN –[nsubj]–> PRON (70; 84%), PROPN –[conj]–> PROPN (54; 58%), ADJ –[conj]–> NOUN (43; 51%), ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (37; 62%).


Case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]