Tense: tense
Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance.
Past: past tense
The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment. Past tense in Czech consists of the past participle (also called active participle or l-participle), which is accompanied by a present auxiliary verb in the first and second persons, and stands alone in the third person.
The auxiliary (if any) is in its present form, so it will have Tense=Pres.
The participle has Tense=Past, even though it can also be used to form present conditional.
Examples
- Я ушёл домой. “I have gone home.”
- Ты ушёл домой. “You have gone home.”
- Он ушёл домой. “He has gone home.”
Pres: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Note that morphologically present forms of perfective verbs have actually a future meaning
but they will still be marked Tense=Pres.
Examples
- Прихожу домой. “I come / am coming home.” (Přicházet is an imperfective verb.)
- Приду домой. “I will come home.” (Přijít is a perfective verb.)
- Иду домой. “I go / am going home.” (Jít is an imperfective verb.)
Fut: future tense
The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment. Future tense in Russian is formed in one of three ways, depending of the verb:
- Present forms of perfective verbs have future meaning. These forms are tagged
Tense=Pres, notTense=Fut(see above). - The verb быть “to be” has a set of distinct future forms. They combine a future stem буд with present suffixes.
A small set of verbs (mostly motion verbs) have also future forms. These are formed as the present form (present stem and suffix)
with the prefix по-.
Although these forms are morphologically very close to the present forms, they are tagged
Tense=Futbecause the same lemma has also present forms and the feature must distinguish the two. - The remaining imperfective verbs have periphrastic future forms, consiting of the future form of the auxiliary быть,
and the infinitive of the content verb. Only the auxiliary will have
Tense=Fut, while there will be no tense information at the infinitive.
Examples
- Пойду домой. “I will go home.” (Jít is an imperfective verb, phonological rule transformed the prefix po- to pů-.)
- Буду идти домой. “I will be coming home.” (Идти is an imperfective verb and it forms future periphrastically.)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
8126 tokens (8%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
4073 types (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
1 lemmas (0) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (8125; 8% instances), ru-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances).
VERB
8125 ru-pos/VERB tokens (86% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Number=Sing (6049; 74%), Voice=EMPTY (6025; 74%), Case=EMPTY (6024; 74%), Animacy=EMPTY (6023; 74%), Mood=Ind (6013; 74%), Person=EMPTY (5965; 73%), Aspect=Imp (4533; 56%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(128; 2% of non-emptyTense): будет, будут, сможет, поможет, станет, станут, выйдет, начнутся, останется, очистимPast(5560; 68% of non-emptyTense): был, было, были, была, стал, получил, родился, начал, работал, сталаPres(2437; 30% of non-emptyTense): является, составляет, может, находится, входит, имеет, есть, занимает, могут, являютсяEMPTY(1311): быть, можно, нет, будучи, включая, начиная, заниматься, играть, сделать, использовать
ADJ
1 ru-pos/ADJ tokens (0% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Tense co-occurred: Gender=Masc (1; 100%), Case=Nom (1; 100%), Number=Sing (1; 100%), Animacy=Anim (1; 100%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Past(1; 100% of non-emptyTense): ЖенатEMPTY(12527): второй, й, 2008, 2010, х, других, 2004, первый, 2012, 1
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (722; 92%),
VERB –[auxpass]–> VERB (496; 95%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (217; 75%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (13; 62%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (5; 56%),
VERB –[remnant]–> VERB (3; 100%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (3; 60%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
101408 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
28239 types (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
5532 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (94244; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (7164; 1% instances).
VERB
94244 ru-pos/VERB tokens (80% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (82117; 87%), Voice=Act (80185; 85%), VerbForm=Fin (73100; 78%), Mood=Ind (73100; 78%), Number=Sing (59244; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (58674; 62%), Person=EMPTY (57351; 61%), Aspect=Imp (55016; 58%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(5470; 6% of non-emptyTense): станет, скажем, придется, сможет, смогут, удастся, окажется, пойдет, станут, позволитPast(49745; 53% of non-emptyTense): было, стал, сказал, стало, стали, мог, заявил, могли, удалось, сталаPres(39029; 41% of non-emptyTense): может, есть, нет, могут, является, говорит, стоит, идет, имеет, говорятEMPTY(23048): быть, сделать, сказать, делать, говорить, получить, работать, стать, иметь, жить
| Paradigm МОЧЬ | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | могущую | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | могущих | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | могущее | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | могущие | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | мог | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | могла | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | могло | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | могу | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | можешь | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | может | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | можем | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | можете | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | могут | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | могли | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смог | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смогла | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смогло | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | смогу | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | сможешь | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | сможет | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | сможем | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | сможете | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | смогут | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | смогли |
AUX
7164 ru-pos/AUX tokens (91% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (7164; 100%), Voice=Act (7164; 100%), Mood=Ind (7115; 99%), VerbForm=Fin (7115; 99%), Number=Sing (5305; 74%), Person=EMPTY (5178; 72%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Past(5133; 72% of non-emptyTense): было, был, были, была, бывшие, бывшем, бывшийPres(2031; 28% of non-emptyTense): будет, будут, есть, будем, буду, будучи, будете, будешь, сутьEMPTY(729): быть, будь, будьте
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Pres | Past |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | бывшем | |
| Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | бывший | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | бывшие | |
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | был | |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | была | |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | было | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | буду, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | будешь, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будет, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | будем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | будете, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будут, есть, суть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | были | |
| VerbForm=Trans | будучи |
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (10630; 85%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (1921; 51%),
VERB –[auxpass]–> AUX (1832; 72%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (102; 57%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (20; 100%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (3; 75%),
VERB –[name]–> VERB (1; 100%),
VERB –[auxpass]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Tense in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]