Voice: voice
Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and pacient.
Act: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (pacient).
All finite verb forms and the active/past participles are tagged Voice=Act.
Examples
- мы нападали на врага. “We attacked the enemy”
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.
Only the passive participle is tagged Voice=Pass.
Examples
- Мы атакованы врагом. “We are attacked by
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
2102 tokens (2%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
1581 types (5%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
1 lemmas (0) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (2101; 2% instances), ru-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances).
VERB
2101 ru-pos/VERB tokens (22% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Mood=EMPTY (2100; 100%), Person=EMPTY (2097; 100%), Tense=Past (1683; 80%), Animacy=Inan (1652; 79%), Aspect=Perf (1580; 75%), Number=Sing (1450; 69%), Case=Nom (1385; 66%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(605; 29% of non-emptyVoice): вышедший, находящиеся, вышедшая, означающее, относящиеся, переходящий, погибших, составляющие, ставшие, существующихPass(1496; 71% of non-emptyVoice): назначен, расположен, основана, основан, расположена, награждён, создана, расположено, расположены, названEMPTY(7335): был, было, были, была, является, стал, составляет, может, находится, быть
ADJ
1 ru-pos/ADJ tokens (0% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Voice co-occurred: Number=Sing (1; 100%), Animacy=Anim (1; 100%), Case=Nom (1; 100%), Gender=Masc (1; 100%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Pass(1; 100% of non-emptyVoice): ЖенатEMPTY(12527): второй, й, 2008, 2010, х, других, 2004, первый, 2012, 1
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[remnant]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
102436 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
28795 types (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
5562 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (95246; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (7190; 1% instances).
VERB
95246 ru-pos/VERB tokens (81% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (83119; 87%), VerbForm=Fin (74078; 78%), Mood=Ind (73100; 77%), Number=Sing (59758; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (59676; 63%), Person=EMPTY (57375; 60%), Aspect=Imp (55559; 58%), Tense=Past (49745; 52%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(81187; 85% of non-emptyVoice): может, есть, нет, могут, было, является, стал, сказал, говорит, сталоPass(14059; 15% of non-emptyVoice): считается, говорится, связано, связаны, используются, используется, сделано, связана, принято, связанныхEMPTY(22046): быть, сделать, сказать, делать, говорить, получить, работать, стать, иметь, жить
| Paradigm ГОВОРИТЬ | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | говорившего | |
| Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | говорящих | |
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | говорившую | |
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | говорящего | |
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | говорящий | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорил | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорила | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорило | говорилось |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev|VerbForm=Part | говорено | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | говори | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорю | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говоришь | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорит | говорится |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорим | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорите | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорят | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорили | |
| Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans | говоря | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | поговорил | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | Поговорите | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | поговорю | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | поговорит | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | поговорим | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | поговорили | |
| Aspect=Perf|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Trans | поговорив |
AUX
7190 ru-pos/AUX tokens (91% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (7190; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (7141; 99%), Mood=Ind (7115; 99%), Number=Sing (5328; 74%), Person=EMPTY (5178; 72%), Tense=Past (5133; 71%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(7190; 100% of non-emptyVoice): было, был, были, будет, была, будут, есть, будем, буду, будучиEMPTY(703): быть
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (11067; 88%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (6753; 71%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (2980; 79%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (560; 64%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (153; 67%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (122; 69%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (21; 100%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (4; 100%),
VERB –[name]–> VERB (2; 100%),
VERB –[amod]–> VERB (2; 100%).
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