Universal Dependencies

Introduction to Universal Dependencies

• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Universal POS tags (single document)
  • Universal features (single document)
  • Language-specific features
  • Conversion from other tagsets
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Universal dependency relations (single document)
  • Language-specific relations
• CoNLL-U format

This is the online documentation for Universal Dependencies, version 1 (2014-10-01). We intend to treat version 1 as stable for at least the next year, but we may subsequently make further revisions based on experiences using it to treebank a range of languages. If you plan to use the scheme yourself, please get in touch so that we can avoid problems with conflicting versions.

UD Treebanks

Amharic - - ? -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Ancient_Greek 244K

Ancient_Greek-PROIEL 206K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Arabic 242K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Basque 121K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Bulgarian 156K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Catalan 530K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Chinese 123K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Coptic 4K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Croatian 87K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Czech 1,503K

Czech-CAC 493K

Czech-CLTT 35K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Danish 100K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Dutch 209K -

Dutch-LassySmall 98K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

English 254K

English-ESL 97K

English-LinES 82K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Estonian 234K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Finnish 181K

Finnish-FTB 159K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

French 390K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Galician 138K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

German 293K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Gothic 56K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Greek 59K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Hebrew 115K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Hindi 351K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Hungarian 42K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Indonesian 121K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Irish 23K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Italian 252K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Japanese-KTC 267K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Kazakh 4K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Korean - - ? -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Latin 47K -

Latin-ITTB 291K -

Latin-PROIEL 165K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Latvian 20K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Norwegian 311K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Old_Church_Slavonic 57K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Persian 151K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Polish 83K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Portuguese 209K -

Portuguese-BR 298K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Romanian 145K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Russian 99K

Russian-SynTagRus 1,032K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Slovenian 140K

Slovenian-SST 29K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Spanish 423K

Spanish-AnCora 547K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Swedish 96K

Swedish-LinES 79K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Tamil 8K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Turkish 56K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Ukrainian - - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Vietnamese - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • POS tags (single document)
  • features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • relations (single document)

Download

The data is released through LINDAT/CLARIN.

• Version 1.3 treebanks http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1699. Released May 15, 2016.
• Version 1.2 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1548. Released Nov 15, 2015.
• Version 1.1 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/LRT-1478. Released May 15, 2015.
• Version 1.0 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1464. Released Jan 15, 2015.
• The next release (v2.0) is scheduled for Nov 15, 2016. We intend to have regular treebank releases every six months. </span>

Query online

You can query the UD treebanks on-line using

• SETS treebank search maintained by the University of Turku, or
• PML Tree Query maintained by the Charles University in Prague.

Stay up to date

If you want to receive news about Universal Dependencies, you can subscribe to the UD mailing list.

See also the list of open issues and what was decided about them at the Uppsala meeting. New: preparing v2.

Contribute

Please read the instructions for adding a new language and encoding its metadata. Follow the steps in the release checklist and make sure your data shows as validating in the format validation runs. Check the content validation for any suspicious patterns in the data; there are direct links to our treebank search that you can use to browse the suspicious data points. Check that the list of contributors is correct; this is gathered from the metadata in the READMEs. General instructions for contributing to the online documentation can be found here.

There is a separate page about tools that are available for work with UD data.

Direct link to the experimental Uralic language family documentation

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